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1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

19th Amendment

This amendment gave women the right to vote

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

25th Amendment

Presidential succession

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Treaty of Fort Laramie

The treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

The treaty ending the U.S. with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty ending the Spanish-American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations and contained the War-Guilt Clause

Articles of Confederation

A document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States

Camp David Accords

First signed peace agreement with an Arab country. Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, which it had seized from Egypt during the Six-Day War in 1967. Egypt, in turn, formally recognized Israel's right to exist.

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine, published in 1776, that called for separation of the colonies from Britain

Constitution

Document which established the organization, function and powers of the government and is considered the "Supreme Law of the Land." It followed the Articles of Confederation and was drafted at the Constitutional. Convention in 1787.

Contract with America

A document that was drafted by Representative Newt Gingrich and signed by more than 300 Republican candidates in 1994, setting forth the Republicans' conservative legislative agenda.

Declaration of Independence

The document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the continental congress declared the colonies independence from Britain

Eisenhower Doctrine

a U.S commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country, announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1893, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

A set of regulations, enacted by Congress in 1922, that raised taxes on imports to record levels in order to protect American businesses against foreign competition

Fourteen Points

The principles making up President Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace following WWI.

GATT

A treaty that lowered trade barriers, such as tariffs, and established the World Trade Organization (WTO) to resolve trade disputes.

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification election could be held in 1956.

Gentleman's Agreement

A 1907-9018 agreement by the government of Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the United States

Gettysburg Address

A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

G.I. Bill of Rights

A name given to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans.

Gone with the Wind

A 1939 movie dealing with the life of Southern plantation owners during the Civil War - one of the most popular movies of all time

Grapes of Wrath, The

A novel by John Steinbeck, published in 1939, that deals with a family of Oklahomans who leave the Dust Bowl for California

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression in America and abroad.

INF Treaty

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union that eliminated some weapons systems and allowed for on-site inspection of military installations.

Jim Crow Laws

The laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities

Jungle, The

A novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time.

Limited Test Ban Treaty

The 1963 treaty in with the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere.

Marshall Plan

The program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II

Missouri Compromise

A series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slaves states and free states.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

a set of tax regulations, enacted by Congress in 1909, that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods

Open Door Notes

message sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.

Pentagon Papers

7,000-page document- leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg- revealing that the U.S. government had not been honest about its intentions in the Vietnam War.

Platt Amendment

A series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations

Proclamation of 1763

Established a Proclamation Line along the Appalachians, which colonists were not allowed to cross.

Proposition 187

Passed by California to cut all education and non emergency health benefits to illegal immigrants. Later ruled unconstitutional in 1998.

SALT I

A five-year agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles

Strategic Defense Initiative

A proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

A resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in vietnam.

War-Guilt Clause A

A part of the Treaty of Versailles where Germany acknowledged that it and it alone had started and was responsible for World War I.

Truman Doctrine

provided military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism, particularly Greece and Turkey. The doctrine was aimed at containing the spread of communism and became a cornerstone of US foreign policy during the Cold War.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European Satellites.

Zimmerman Note

A message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the US entered WWI.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 (4-0 decision); Established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review over Congress

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 (7-0 decision); Established the federal government's implied powers over the states.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 (5-1 decision); Established that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land. Although Pres. Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the ruling, the decision helped form the basis for most subsequent Indian Indian law in the United States.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 (7-2 decision); Denied citizenship to African American slaves.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 (7-1 decision); Upheld "separate but equal" segregation laws in states.

Schenck v. United States

1919 (9-0 decision); Ruled that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a "clear and present danger."

NLRB v. Jones 1937

5-4 decision); ruled that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was constitutional and thus labor-management disputes were directly related to the flow of interstate commerce and, thus, could be regulated by the national government.

Korematsu v. United States

1944 (6-3 decision); Upheld internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 (9-0 decision); Separating black and white students in public schools is unconstitutional.

Gideon v. Wainwright

1963 (9-0 decision); Criminal defendants have a right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one.

New York Times v. Sullivan

1964 (9-0 decision); Lawsuits based on libel or defamation must show intent or recklessness.

Miranda v. Arizona

1966 (5-4 decision); Prisoners must be advised of their rights before being questioned by police.

Roe v. Wade

1973 (7-2 decision); Women have a constitutional right to an abortion during the first two trimesters.

United States v. Nixon

1974 (8-0 decision) President cannot use executive privilege to withhold evidence (his tapes) from criminal trial.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

1978 (5-4 decision); Upheld use of race as one of many factors in college admissions.

Bush v. Gore

2000 (5-4 decision); No recount of the 2000 presidential election was feasible in a reasonable time period.

Navigation Acts

(1651); Laws passed to make sure that England controlled American trade according to the idea of mercantilism

Sugar Act

(1764); With the British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War, the English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Stamp Act (1765):

A law passed by the British Parliament requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards.

Coercive Acts

(1774) Called the Intolerable Acts by colonists, restricted rights of colonist in Mass. to hold town meetings, required all colonists to provide food and housing to British soldiers living in colonies

Judiciary Act

(1789) Officially titled "An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States," was signed into law by President George Washington. Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court, but left to Congress the authority to create lower federal courts as needed. One of the first acts of the new Congress was to establish a federal court system

Alien and Sedition Act

(1798) Were four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams. These acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, authorized the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" and restricted speech critical of the government. These laws were designed to silence and weaken the Democratic-Republican Party. Negative reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts helped contribute to the Democratic-Republican victory in the 1800 elections. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act in 1802, while the other acts were allowed to expire.

Kansas Nebraska Act

(1854); Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Homestead Act

(1862); Gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

Pendleton Act

(1883); Established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.

Interstate Commerce Act

(1887); Designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.

Dawes Severalty Act

(1887); Dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American.

Foraker Act (1900);

Established civilian (albeit limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had recently become a possession of the United States as a result of the Spanish American War

Sherman Antitrust Act

(1890); First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Pure Food and Drug Act

(1906); The act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Federal Reserve Act

(1913); This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Clayton Antitrust Act

(1914); Was a part of United States antitrust law with the goal of adding further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime; the Clayton Act sought to prevent anticompetitive practices.

Selective Service Act

(1917); Authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription.

Espionage Act (1919);

prohibited many forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States ... or the flag of the United States, or the uniform of the Army or Navy".

Emergency Quota Act

(1921); Restricted immigration into the United States.

National Origins Act (1924)

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

(1931); Passed under President Herbert Hoover in order to lower the cost of home ownership. It established the Federal Home Loan Bank Board to charter and supervise federal savings and loan institutions.

Federal Securities Act

(1933); The first major federal legislation to regulate the offer and sale of securities. Prior to the Act, regulation of securities was chiefly governed by state laws, commonly referred to as blue sky laws. When Congress enacted the 1933 Act, it left existing state securities laws ("blue sky laws") in place.

Nat. Industrial Recovery Act

(1933) Set by FDR to aide the recovery of the economy from the Great Depression. Supported and some cases enforced an alliance of industries. Called for industrial self regulation and declared codes of fair competition.