Functional group organic chemistry

What are Chemical Properties?

Characteristics that define how a substance interacts with other substances, which can differ among structural isomers.

What are physical properties?

Observable characteristics of a substance, such as boiling point and melting point, which can vary among isomers.

What is a hydrocarbon?

An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen. they can be saturated (like alkanes) or unsaturated (like alkenes or alkynes), depending on the types of bonds present.

What is alkanese?

CnH2n+2
Single bond = ane (saturated)
A saturated hydrocarbon, meaning it contains only single carbon-carbon (C−CC−C) bonds and carbon-hydrogen (C−HC−H) bonds.
Alkanes are generally unreactive compounds and are the simplest family of organic compounds.

What is an alkenes?

Contains one or more carbon-carbon double bones (CnH2n).
An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=CC=C).
The presence of the double bond makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes, often undergoing addition reactions.

What is an alkyl group?

It is an alkane molecule with one hydrogen atom missing

it doesn't exist on its own, but is part of another molecule.
Some prefixes used is methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and so on.

What is a Cis Isomer?

An isomer where similar groups are on the same side of the double bond.

What is a Trans Isomer?

An isomer where similar groups are on the opposite side of the double bond.

What is the prefix for the amount of carbon in a group?

1) Meth
2) Eth-
3) Prop
4) But-
5) Pent-
6) Hex-
7) Hept-
8) Oct-

What is a prefix for componds?

-F: Fluoro-
-Cl: Chloro
-Br: Bromo-
-I: Iodo-
-CH3: Methyl
CH3CH3: Ethyl
-CH2CH2CH3: Propyl-
-CH2CH2CH2CH3: Butyl-

What is a parent chain and substituent group?

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in a compound, which determines the base name.
A group attached to the parent chain that modifies the compound's name.

What is the first IUPAC rule when naming simple alkanes and alkenes?

1) Find the longest continous chain of carbon atoms to which all substituent groups are attached
This is the parent chain.
If a carbon to carbon double bone is present then the parent chain must include it even if it does not give longest chain

What is the second IUPAC rule when naming simple alkanes and alkenes?

2) Number the carbon atoms of the parent chain sequentially from either end so the substituent group has the lowest possible number
If several groups present then number from the end giving the lowest number to the fist encountered subsituent.

What is the third IUPAC rule when naming simple alkanes and alkenes?

If a double bond is present it has numbering priority so the parent chain is numbered from the end giving it the lowest number irrespective of the position of alkyl or halogen subsituents

What is the fourth UPAC rule when naming simple alkanes and alkenes?

Double bond is identified by adding suffix -ene
Other subsituents are named as prefixes and ordered alphabetically
All substients are numbered according to the carbon atom to which they are attached
Prefixes di, tri and tetra and used if multiple of a group are present
(example 4,4,4-tribromo-2-ethyl-3-methylbut-2ene)

What is an alcohol?

Functional group: -OH
Prefix: -ol
Number: Yes
General formula: CnH2n+2O or Cn2n+1OH
An organic compound that contains one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom.

What happens when there are multiple hydroxyl groups on an alcohol?

If two groups are added to ethanol, it is named ethanediol.
If three groups are added, it is named ethanetriol.

What is a primary alcohol?

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom.

What is a secondary alcohol?

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

What is a tertiary alcohol?

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

What is an amine?

Group: -NH2
Prefix: Amine
Number: Yes
General formula: CnH2n+3N or CnH2n+1NH2

What is an aldehyde?

Group: Carbonyl group. Carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=OC=O)
Prefix: Al
Number: No. Must be number 1 (end)
General formula: CnH2nO
An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbon at the END
When alcohol is oxidised it will become an aldehyde (loses two hydrogen atoms)

What is a ketone?

Group: Carbonyl group. Carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=OC=O)
Prefix: One
Number: Yes, just can't be number 1 (needs to be in the middle)
Formula: CnH2nO
Secondary alcohol can oxidise into Ketone
An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=OC=O) where the carbon atom of the carbonyl is bonded to two carbon atoms within the chain (i.e., it is not at the end of the chain).

What is a carboxylic acid?

Finctional Group: : -COOH
Prefix: Oic acid
Number: No. Must be number 1
Formula: CnH2nO2 or Cn-1H2n-1CO2H
An organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), which gives it acidic properties.
When an aldehyde is oxidised it will become a caroxylic acid when it gains an oxygen

What is an amide?

Functional group: CONH2
Prefix: Amide
Number: No
General fomrula: CnH2n+1NO
An organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid in which the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amine (NH2) or ammonia (NH3)

What is an ester?

Functional group: COO linking two alkane chains
Prefix: Oate
Number: No
Formula: CnH2nO2
A compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, characterized by the functional group -COO-.
The aklyl group is attached to a single O atom and is named as a prefix to the parent structure.

What is the process for naming a straight-chain organic compound with one or more of the same functional groups?

1.Identify the length of the carbon chain and name it as an alkane.
2.Identify the type of functional group and alter the end of the name.
3.Identify the number of functional groups and add 'di' for two or 'tri' for three.
4.Identify the positions of the functional groups and add them to the start of the name.

What is the process for naming a striaght-chain organic compound with two or more different functional groups?

1.Identify the length of the carbon chain and name it as an alkane.
2.Identify the type of functional groups and list them.
3.Identify the group with the highest priority and alter the end of the name
4.Identify the number of the highest priority functional groups and add 'di' for two or 'tri' for three.
5.Identify the positions of the highest priority functional groups and add them to the start of the name.
6.List the remainder of the functional groups before the name in alphabetical order.
7.Identify their numbers and positions and add them before each.