AP Human Geo Unit 1 Test

not vocab

What are the two main types of maps discussed in AP HuG?

Reference and thematic maps.

Which is informational: Thematic or reference?

Reference. Think of the maps used in tests when answering a specific question, they provide information to you in the form of a visual picture.

What are some examples of a reference map?

World map, city map, map of your school.

What do reference maps provide information about?

physical, man-made features, etc.

Can a topographical map also be a reference map? what are some examples of topographical maps?

Yes. Topographical maps feature subway systems, theme park maps, or a map of the mall.

How do thematic maps tell a story?

By showing the density and distribution of quantitative data.

Are titles important in the visualization of a thematic map? why?

yes, because thematic maps tell a story, therefore to understand what the story is about, you read the title.

What are the five ways to graph Geospatial data?

Chloropleth, Dot-density, isoline, cartograms, and graduated symbols.

Indentify how the geospatial data is being displayed in the picture.

Chloropleth

Indentify how the geospatial data is being displayed in the picture.

Isoline

Indentify how the geospatial data is being displayed in the picture.

Graduated Symbol

Indentify how the geospatial data is being displayed in the picture.

Dot Density

Indentify how the geospatial data is being displayed in the picture.

Cartogram

What does dot-density represent

how prevalent something is by the frequency of dots in certain areas compared to others.

what does chloropleth represent

A choropleth map uses color, shading, or patterns to represent the value of a statistical variable within predefined geographic areas

what does an isoline map represent

In geography, isolines are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal value for a given geographic feature, such as elevation, temperature, pressure, or precipitation

what does a cartogram represent

a cartogram is a thematic map where the size of geographic regions is distorted to be proportional to a specific variable like population, travel time, or income, rather than their true geographic area

what does a graduated symbol map represent

A graduated symbol is a map symbol (often a circle) whose size varies to represent different quantities of a numeric data attribute at specific geographic locations

what is absolute location?

the exact position of a place or object on the Earth's surface, using a fixed set of coordinates like latitude and longitude or a specific address (quantitative)

what is relative location?

where a place is by referencing its relationship to other, well-known places, landmarks, or features, using directions and distances rather than precise coordinates (qualitative)

what is the difference between absolute and relative location?

Absolute location pinpoints a place using precise, fixed coordinates like latitude and longitude, while relative location describes a place's position in terms of its relationship to other places or landmarks, such as being "north of the river" or "next to the school". Absolute location is unchanging and universal, whereas relative location is dependent on context and the features used for reference.

What does clustered mean in the context of geography and patterns?

grouped, nucleated, concentrated, clumped.

What does agglomerated mean in the context of geography and patterns?

clustered

What does uniform mean in the context of geography and patterns?

evenly spaced

What does random mean in the context of geography and patterns?

unevenly dispersed & no discernible pattern

What does dispersed mean in the context of geography and patterns?

distributed, scattered, spread out.

What do topographical maps sometimes feature?

elevation using contour lines; isoline.

Why do some not understand that the Earth is round?

Because Columbus displayed the round earth on a flat map, until the globe came about, and the land areas had to become distorted in some way to display the geographic data.

A map projection does what?

It takes the spherical shape of the Earth and displays it on a flat surface map.

What are conformal projections? What do they preserve?

Conformal projections preserve the shapes of land features at the expense of distorting their true size.

Equal area projections distort and preserve what?

distort oceans; preserve the size of landmasses.

Mercator projection

Latitude & longitude shown at right angles; distorts size massively at higher altitudes; commonly used for navigation.

Gall-peters Projection

preserves size but distorts shape, image apears opposite of mercator.

Robinson projection

preserves the size and shape of continents but distorts polar areas, compromised projection is often used in public atlases.

Goodes projection

interrupted projection removes much of the oceans to preserve size and shape of land masses, often used for thematic maps

What does in the field mean?

Any time geographers are gathering data of any kind in the world they are "in the field"

true or false: geographers study the why of where

true

what kinds of organizations gather geographic data?

government, private companies, research insitutions

Example of organization of collected geographic data

gov. collects the census every 10 years.

GIS Stands for?

Geographic information system; a computer system that collects, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Whart is GIS typically used for? what is an example?

measuring ocean depth, temperature, and the location of other vessels.

what is remote sensing?

information gathered from satellites orbiting earth

What information does remote sensing gather?

urban srawl, drought, agricultural land use.

Satellites help gather what data specifically?

exact coordinates of latitude and longitude

Online mapping & visualization: a variety of sources provide online maps for people to analyze data including:

governments, private companies, and research institutions.

What are field observations?

when someone visits a place firsthand and records data while there.

what are travel narratives?

notes and stories made about observations made in the field.

policy documents:

Geographers may look to legislation to gather geographic data.

landscape analysis:

a process of studying and describing a landscape.

aerial photography:

professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere

Geography is all about how places are:

interconected

absolute location:

describes the location of a place based in things that never change like latitude and longitude

site:

physical characteristics of a place

place:

a unique location

flows:

geograohers look at how people, things, or networks interact with each other.

distance decay:

the farther one place is from another the less interaction occurs between the two; lesss severe today because of transportation.

time-space compression

the reduction in time it takes a person or thing to get from one place to another; due to interconnectedness facilitated by technological advancements, places feel closer than they are geographically.

Sustainability

actions that give present benefits but preserve resources for future benefit. ex: manufacturing biomass energy such as ethanol made from corn or sugar to power automobiles.

Natural resources

Items found in nature that are used to produce goods and services; renewable: can be recreated, nonrenewable: finite in quantity and known for environmental consequences.

Land use

agricultural, industrial, residential, transportational, recreational

define culture

way of life

cultural ecology

human environmental interaction

Environmental Determinism

Developed in the ancient world (especially Greek philosophers); used as a foundation for Eurocentric views of the world and its people during colonialism and imperialism; natural factors alone determine the cultural attributes of human societies; simplistic & disocunts people creating their own way of life.

Possibilism

developed in the early 20th century as a rebuttal to criticism of environmental determinism. Natural resources are still a factor, but humans can modify the environment for personal benefit. Adaptation is focused on; generally accepted.

Scale

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Map scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

Scale of Analysis

The level at which we analyze geographic data.

Census Data is used to:

analyze phenomena at different scales

Form regions can be classified into what?

Economic, Physical, Political, and Cultural.

Formal regions are also known as..

uniform or homogeneous regions because they typically share 1 or more traits.

Functional regions are also known as..

Nodal regions

Functional Regions display..

networks, processes, etc. that eventually lead back to their original point (the node). An example is an airport (the node) to flight pathways.

Perceptual regions are also known as…

vernacular regions

Perceptual regions represent..

regions that are commonly distorted in land area and boundaries because of different people's geographic views. Some people disagree on what unites a specific region, distorting what the region is known for, looks like, etc., for example: NY can be recognized as just the Upper East or West Side, depending on who has traveled or lived where