Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes: Organization, Integument, Bones, Cartilage, and Muscle

Vocabulary flashcards covering structural planes, cell and tissue organization, integumentary system layers, bone histology, cartilage types, and muscle characteristics directly based on lecture transcripts.

Coronal Plane

a structural plane dividing the body into front and back halves

transverse plane

a plane dividing the body at the waist into superior and inferior parts of the body

sagittal plane

a plane dividing the body down the center into left and right halves

oblique plane

a plane that divides the body at an angle

where is the thoracic region of the body

pectoral area on the front and scapula area in the back

where is the abdominal region of the body

the stomach plus kidneys area

where is the pelvic region of the body

where your pelvis is

where is the cranial region of the body

the head/ cranium

where is the vertebral region of the body

the upper half of the spine

where is the lumbar region of the body

the lower half of the spine, until the top of the hips

where is the sacral region of the body

the very bottom of the spine. runs from the top of the hips to your butt crack

where is the thoracic body cavity

the lung area

where is the abdominal cavity

stomach area

where is the pelvic cavity

bladder area

where is the cranial cavity

head

where is the vertebral cavity

spinal column

describe the anterior versus posterior anatomical direction

anterior means towards the front of the body and posterior towards the back of the body

describe superior versus inferior anatomical directions

superior means above and inferior means below

describe medial versus lateral anatomical directions

medial describes something as towards the middle and lateral describes something as away from the middle

describe proximal versus distal anatomical directions

This describes limbs only. proximal means towards the attached end and distal means towards the free end.

describe visceral versus parietal anatomical descriptions

visceral means close to an organ, parietal means away from an organ

describe superficial versus deep anatomical directions

superficial means towards the surface of the body and deep means towards the center of the body

Organization of Body Structures

Molecules -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Systems -> Organism.

Four Basic Biomolecules

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates.

what are nucleic acids

genetic material

what do proteins do

provide structure and support, and its interactions regulate cellular activity

what do lipids do

form membranes and barriers, long term energy storage, and contribute to hormones

what do carbohydrates do

helps label specific proteins and lipids, and contributes to both short and long term energy storage

what is the science of cells

cytology

what are the smallest cells in the body

granule cell in the cerebellum (4 microns)

what are the largest cells in the body

anterior horn cell in the spinal chord (135 microns)

what are the longest cells in the body

pseudo unipolar cells (4-6 ft)

how many microns does a cell need to be to be seen by the human eye

120

what is the universal yardstick for measuring cells

red blood corpuscle (7 microns)

what are the 5 main functions of a cell

1. obtain nutrients

2. produce proteins

3. dispose of wastes

4. maintain outer boundary and shape

5. reproduce

diverse groups of cells come together to form what

tissues

what is the function of the plasma membrane

outer boundary of the cell

what does the plasma membrane have

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

what are the functions of the embedded proteins (3)

1. Transport across membrane

2. Cell interactions and communications

3. Physical bonds or attachments

what does the cytoplasm contain (3 things)

1. cystol

2. membrane bound organelles

3. non membrane bound organelles

define cystol

fluid within the plasma membrane

what is the nucleus

the control center of the cell

what are the two parts of the nucleus

nucleolus and the nuclear envelope

what does the nucleus contain

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

what does DNA contain

1. genes

2. chromatin (when the cell is not dividing)

3. chromosomes (when the cell is dividing)

what does the rough ER have that the smooth ER does not

ribosomes on the outside

what is the function of the rough ER

produce transport vesicles to transport proteins to the Golgi apparatus

what does the smooth ER do

processes lipids and carbohydrates

what does the Golgi apparatus do

modifies, packages, and transports proteins that come from the rough ER through a one way process

what is produced by the Golgi apparatus

1. new sections of plasma membrane

2. secretory vesicles

3. lysosomes

mitochondria stores produced energy, what is this energy

ATP

mitochondria is covered in what

a double membrane called cristae

what does mitochondria have special

mitochondria has its own separate set of DNA

can mitochondria reproduce within the cell to meet energy demands

yes

what is another non membrane bound organelle that is also on the rough ER

ribosomes

what are the 4 components of the cytoskeleton

1. microfilaments

2. intermediate filaments

3. microtubules

4. centromere

what is the location and function of the centromere

they are located at the center intersection of microtubules and they function as an anchor point and support the growth and elongation of microtubules

what is the life cycle of a cell

mitotic phase, interphase (G1, S, G2)

what is the name for the science of tissues

histology

what are the 4 basic types of tissues

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

what is the function of nervous tissue

to transmit signals between cells and to connect to other cells through synapses

what are the two main parts of nervous tissue

neurons and glial cells

what is the function of muscular tissue and how do they function

cells shorten to pull ends together to cause movement

what are the three kinds of muscular tissue

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

what is connective tissue

tissue with a lot of extracellular matrix

what are the components of connective tissue

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

what are the 6 functions of connective tissue

1. Physical protection

2. Physical support

3. Bind together parts of the body

4. Storage

5. Transport

what is the location of epithelial tissue

cover surfaces or line cavities, and glandular tissue

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue

cells are bound tightly together, one surface is exposed to open space, they lack blood vessels, and they regenerate quickly

what are the functions of epithelial tissue

physical protection, absorption, secretion, sensation

what is the largest organ in the body

the skin. it takes up about 7% of your body weight

what are the thickest and thinnest regions of skin on the human body

the thickest is the palms of your hands and soles of your feet (6mm), and the thinnest region is your eyelids (1.5mm)

what are the three layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what are the 6 functions of the skin

1. protection

2. temperature regulation

3. communication

4. synthesis of vitamin d3

5. sensory receptors

6. secretion of waste

where is the epidermis located

its the outermost layer of skin, so it is visible

what type of tissue is the epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

what are the two kinds of epithelial cells in the epidermis

keratinocytes and melanocytes

what is the relative amount of keratinocytes, what are their shape, and what does keratin do

keratinocytes make up most of the epithelium, they are horn shaped, and keratin is a protein that provides strength to the skin

what are melanocytes and that do they produce

melanin (skin pigmentation). They can also cause melanoma (skin cancer)

where is the stratum Basale in the epidermis

the very bottom of the epidermis

what makes up the stratum Basale and what does it attach to?

stem cells (keratinocytes) attach to the basement membrane

what kind of cells does the stratum spinosum contain

keratinocytes and langerhans cells

what kind of cells does the stratum granulosum contain

keratinocytes that have begun the keratinization process

what kind of keratinocytes does the stratum corneum contain

dead keratinocytes

what is the lifespan of a keratinocyte

4-7 weeks

what cell is responsible for skin color

melanocytes

what cell is responsible for moles

melanocytes

where in reference to the epidermis is the dermis

deep

what types of connective tissue can be found in the dermis

areolar and dense irregular

what other features can be found in the dermis

blood vessels

glands

sensory neurons

hair follicles

roots of nails

what are the layers of the dermis

papillary layer and reticular layer

what type of connective tissue is in the papillary layer

areolar connective tissue

how does the papillary layer connect

through ridges called epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

what type of tissue is in the reticular layer of the dermis

dense irregular connective tissue

what two special things are in the reticular layer of the dermis that are found no where else

hair follicles and sweat glands

what is hair

dead epithelial tissue full of keratin

what are the sections of a hair follicle

the bulb, the root, and the shaft

define hair follicle

tube surrounding hair that extends into the dermis

_{what does the arrector pilli muscle do}

raises hair follicle and causes goosebumps

what are glands

epithelial tissue that secretes things