AVN2300: NOT DONE YET - Final Exam Study Set so far

The development of thermals depends on:
A counterclockwise circulation of air
Solar heating
Temperature inversions
Advection

b) Solar heating

This altitude is the altitude above MSL in which a given atmospheric density occurs in a standard atmosphere.
Pressure
Absolute
Density
True

c) density

Almost all weather takes place in this lowest layer of the atmosphere, and “tops out” at this level.
Troposphere, tropopause
Thermosphere, thermopause
Stratosphere, stratopause
Exosphere, exopause

a) Troposphere, tropopause

Aircraft engine performance ___ with a decrease in air density
Decreases
Increases
Remains constant

a) Decreases

This is the force exerted by moving molecules of a gas
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Density

a) Pressure

If the pressure of a gas is decreased, then per the ideal gas law, the temperature of the gas will ___.
Increase
Remain constant
Decrease

c) Decrease

True or false: air is a poor conductor of heat
True
False

a) True

The standard temperature lapse rate in the atmosphere is __ per thousand feet of altitude gained.
An increase of 2 degrees celsius
A decrease of 3 degrees celsius
A decrease of 2 degrees celsius
An increase of 1 degree celsius

c) A decrease of 2 degrees celsius

Coriolis force causes wind to be deflected to the __ in the northern hemisphere and to the ___ in the southern hemisphere
Right, left
Left, right
North, south
South, north

a) Right, left

What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
Cooling from below
Decrease in water vapor
Heating from below
Increase in water vapor

c) Heating from below

All weather on earth is due to:
Wind
Unequal heating of the earth
Pressure differential
Convection

b) Unequal heating of the earth

This transfer of energy through molecular motion requires mass to transfer the energy. In other words, mass must touch mass.
Convection
Conduction
Advection
Radiation

b) Conduction

In an unpressurized cabin, at what altitude are flight crew required to use supplemental oxygen
12,500 ft
10,000 ft
5,000 ft
14,000 ft

d) 14,000 ft

When there is a temperature inversion, this means that:
The temperature increases with altitude
The temperature decreases with altitude
The temperature decreases then increases

a) The temperature increases with altitude

The troposphere is higher at __ and lower at __.
The southern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere
The poles, the equator
The equator, the poles

c) The equator, the poles

This layer of the atmosphere is characterized by the temperature leveling off then increasing with altitude.
Thermosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Exosphere

c) Stratosphere

The atmosphere is composed of many gases, some are fixed or permanent, and some will vary. Nitrogen is an example of a permanent gas in the atmosphere, and it makes up a consistent ___ of the atmospheric gases.
78%
65%
45%
90%

a) 78%

True or false: the amount of solar radiation a specific location receives depends on the time of day, and the season.
True
False

a) True

The horizontal movement of air is called ___.
Convection
Advection
Conduction
Radiation

b) Advection

The loss of solar radiation due to the reflection from the earth’s surface and scattering by clouds and other particulates in the air is called:
Reflection
Radiation
Albedo
Conduction

c) Albedo

What are the 3 characteristics of air flow of a high pressure system in the northern hemisphere? (write in question)

Outwards, clockwise, downwards

The subtropical jet stream is located between the
Polar and Ferrel cells
Hadley and Ferrel cells
Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Sub-polar cell
Ohio and Michigan

b) Hadley and Ferrel cells

What measurement can be used to determine the stability of the atmosphere?
Ambient lapse rate
Standard lapse rate
Dry adiabatic lapse rate
Wet adiabatic lapse rate

a) Ambient lapse rate

50% of the earth's atmosphere is below this level, which is also, coincidentally, the 500 mb pressure level:
24,000 ft
6,000 ft
18,000 ft
53,000 ft

c) 18,000 ft

The earth has seasons due to:
The earth is farther away from the sun on its orbit during the winter, and closer in the summer
The amount of solar energy reflected back into the environment
The tilt of the earth on its axis which subjects one hemisphere to more direct sunlight than the other hemisphere

c) The tilt of the earth on its axis which subjects one hemisphere to more direct sunlight than the other hemisphere

Lines of equal temperature on a weather map are called:
Isobars
Isotherms
Isotachs

b) Isotherms

Which process causes adiabatic cooling?
Release of latent heat during the vaporization process
Movement of air over a colder surface
Expansion of air as it rises
Adding moisture to a parcel of air

c) Expansion of air as it rises

Net inflow of air into a given region is called:
Convergence
Divergence
Cyclonic
Convection

a) Convergence

True or false: the Earth's tilt on its axis as it revolves around the sun is the reason we have seasonal weather differences on Earth
True
False

a) True

The altitude measured simply by reading numbers depicted on the aircrafts altimeter is the ___?
Pressure altitude
Absolute altitude
Indicated altitude
Density altitude

c) Indicated altitude

True or false: an altimeter error in an aircraft can occur when atmospheric temperatures are warmer or colder than standard. If an aircraft is traveling from an area of warm air to an area of colder than standard air, the altimeter will read lower than the actual altitude of the aircraft and the aircraft will be higher than what the altimeter indicates:
True
False

b) False

Air that is forced up a barrier such as a mountain slope, is called
Orographic lifting
Divergence
Advection
Expansion

a) Orographic lifting

On a Surface Analysis Chart, the lines that depict areas of equal sea-level pressure are called:
Isotherms
Isobars
Isotachs

b) isobars

What describes the tendency for air to move from a high pressure area to a low pressure area?
Pressure gradient
Coriolis effect
Friction
Geostrophic force

a) Pressure gradient

The polar jet stream in the northern hemisphere __ in the summer and moves __ in the winter.
Strengthens, north
Weakens, north
Strengthens, south
Weakens, south

d) Weakens, south

What values are used for Winds and Temperatures Aloft forecasts?
MPH and magnetic north
Knots and magnetic north
MPH and true north
Knots and true north

d) Knots and true north

When the condition of an air mass promotes upward vertical movement, it is said to be:
Stable
Unstable
Neutral

b) Unstable

What type of winds do we experience (prevailing winds) in the US (between 30 degrees and 60 degrees latitude)?
Southeasterly
Northeasterly
Westerly
Easterly

c) Westerly

The trade winds are found in this area near the equator:
Tropic of capricorn
Tropic of cancer
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Ferrell Cell

c) Intertropical Convergence Zone

Which weather product is a concise statement of the expected weather for the area within 5 sm of the center of the airport’s runway complex?
METAR
TAF
Winds and Temperatures Aloft
Surface Analysis Charts

b) TAF

A characteristic of the tropopause is:
Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate
Absolute upper level of cloud formation
Absence of wind

a) Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate

Large areas of land:
Tend to decrease any temperature variations
Tend to increase any temperature variations
Do not influence temperature variations in the lower troposphere

b) Tend to increase any temperature variations

When flying into an area of low pressure in the northern hemisphere, the crosswind you experience will be increasing and form the:
Right
Left
North
South

b) Left

A weather occurrence that lasts from a few hours to a few days and is relatively large in nature. For example, a front or pressure system:
Microscale
Mesoscale
Macroscale

b) Mesoscale

When the term “light and variable” is used in reference to a Winds and Temps Aloft chart it is coded as:
9999
9990
9900
9000

c) 9900

If the actual lapse rate isl owe than the dry adiabatic lapse rate, the atmosphere is considered to be:
Unstable
Stable
Neutral
Unable to determine

b) Stable

Which of the following depicts the type of altitude used at FL320?
Absolute altitude
Density altitude
True altitude
Pressure altitude

d) Pressure altitude

A __ airmass is more likely to have rough air or turbulence.
Stable
Unstable

b) unstable

What is the large global circulation cell that resides closest to the equator
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell

a) Hadley Cell

This effect (name the effect) is due to the rotation of the earth, which makes things appear to deflect to the __ in the northern hemisphere and __ in the southern hemisphere.
Coriolis, left, right
Coriolis, right, left
Pressure gradient, left, right
Geostrophic, right, left

b) Coriolis, right, left

The polar jet stream in the northern hemisphere ___ in the summer and ___ in the winter
Weakens, weakens
Strengthens, strengthens
Weakens, strengthens
Strengthens, weakens

a) weakens, weakens

The polar jet stream in the northern hemisphere moves ___ in the winter and ___ in the summer.
North, north
South, south
North, south
South, north

d) South, north

This “middle” global circulation cell is not as temperature dirven as the other 2 circulation cells but rather acts as a “gear” for the other 2 cells.
Hadley cell
Ferrel cell
Polar cell

b) Ferrel cell

The tendency for air to flow from a high-pressure system to a low-pressure system is called the ___.
Pressure gradient force
Coriolis force
Geostrophic balance
Albedo

a) Pressure gradient force

How long is a day on Jupiter? (write in)

9.9 hours

Which process causes adiabatic cooling?
Movement of air over a cold surface
Expansion of air as it rises
Release of latent heat during vaporization

b) Expansion of air as it rises

A ridge, or high pressure system, is characterized by __ motion at the surface
Upward
Downward
Cold air convection
Advection

b) Downward

Indicators of an approaching warm front are __ precipitation with __ clouds
Steady, stratus
Steady, cumulus
Showery, cumulus
Showery, cirrus * a) steady, stratus

The cloudy region embedded in a hurricane, consisting of many thunderstorms and is also the region of the strongest winds
The eye
The rain band
The eye wall
Tropical cyclone

c) the eye wall

A variation that will always occur when flying across a front is a change in
Wind
Pressure
Density
Clouds

a) wind

The change in wind speed and/or direction over a certain distance is called
Gusts
Sustained winds
Wind shear
Wind velocity

c) wind shear

If the temperature gradient caused by differences in solar heating becomes excessive, a disturbance called a(n) __ will occur.
Tropical cyclone
High pressure system
Cold front
Extratropical/mid-latitude cyclone

d) Extratropical/mid-latitude cyclone

A large body of air that has fairly uniform characteristics
Low-pressure system
Air Mass
Closed low
Jet streak *b) air mass

When an air mass moves from over water and picks up moisture, it is further classified as:
Moist
Maritime
Continental
Arctic

b) maritime

The arctic air mass only moves in to the lower 48 states in the
Spring
Autumn
Winter
Summer

c) winter

A(n) __ front has a steeper slope than a __ front.
Stationary, occluded
Stationary, warm
Warm, cold
Cold, warm

d) cold, warm

The 2 types of fog that require wind are
Radiation and steam
Steam and upslope
Advection and upslope
Advection and steam

c) Advection and upslope

The portion of total air pressure exerted by water in the air is called
Vapor pressure
Saturation
Relative humidity
Absolute humidity

a) Vapor pressure

The change of state from solid water directly to water vapor is called
Evaporation
Deposition
Condensation
Sublimation

d) sublimation

The amount of heat that is absorbed or released when water changes state
Specific heat
Latent heat
Potential heat

b) Latent heat

The amount of water vapor needed to saturate the air is dependent upon
Pressure
Density
Temperature
Humidity

c) Temperature

The specific temperature at which an air parcel must be cooled to become saturated
Dew point
Saturation vapor temperature
Specific temperature
Frost point

a) dew point

3 requirements for cloud formation are
Water vapor, orographic lifting, low dew point
Water vapor, condensation nuclei, cooling
Cooling, water vapor, instability
Stability, low temperature-dewpoint spread, saturation on the surface

b) water vapor, condensation nuclei, cooling

Maximum horizontal distance down a specified instrument runway that a pilot can see and identify standard high-intensity lights reported in hundreds of feet
Prevailing visibility
Runway visibility (RVV)
Runway visual range (RVR)
Vertical visibility (VV)

c) Runway visual range (RVR)

The height above the surface of the lowest layer reported as overcast, broken, or a vertical visibility into an indefinite ceiling
Ceiling
Cap
No cap
Cloud cover

a) ceiling

This variable determines the type of cloud that will from
Temperature
Stability
Air pressure
Dew point

b) Stability

True or false: a curved jet stream is associated with greater turbulence than a straight jet stream
True
False

a) True

How many miles should a pilot stay away from a thunderstorm that has been classified as severe or has an intense radar echo?
10 miles
5 miles
20 miles
15 miles

c) 20 miles

The term applied to the turbulence associated with the vortices that form behind an aircraft generating lift is __.

wake turbulence

Turbulence that causes large, abrupt changes in altitude or attitude, and can cause large variations in airspeed:
Moderate
Severe
Light
Extreme

b) severe

Turbulence caused by surface friction with buildings, trees, etc
Mechanical
Thermal
Wake
CAT

a) Mechanical

Accumulation of ice on the airframe or any surface on the exterior of the aircraft
Induction icing
Structural icing
Carb icing
Rime icing

b) Structural icing

True or false: cirrus clouds can present an ice hazard because they are made of ice.
True
False

b) False

The presence of ice pellets indicates that there is __ at a higher altitude
Rain
Snow
Freezing rain
Sleet

c) Freezing rain

Structural icing requires the presence of:
Moisture with supercooled water droplets
Precipitation
Temperatures below -15 degrees C
Temperatures between -25 and -5 degrees C

a) Moisture with supercooled water droplets

Supercooled large droplets (SLD) can form via 2 processes:
Collision-coalescence and wind shear
Warm layer process and frontal lift
Collision-coalescence and cold front
Collision coalescence and warm layer process

d) Collision coalescence and warm layer proc

TAF

24- or 30-hour period

Wind Direction

Given in degrees true in TAF reports; indicates the direction from which wind is blowing.

Wind Speed

Measured in knots in TAF reports; indicates the speed of the wind.

BKN

Abbreviation for 'broken clouds'; indicates cloud coverage between 5/8 and 7/8 of the sky.

Visibility in TAF and METAR

Reported in statute miles, e.g., 'P6SM' means visibility greater than 6 statute miles.

Mesoscale convective systems

Large clusters of thunderstorms that organize and persist for several hours, often bringing heavy rain, strong winds, and sometimes hail or tornadoes

meso = middle size

SIGMET

Significant Meteorological Information; issues warnings about more dangerous weather conditions.

Convective SIGMET

Issued for severe thunderstorms, hail, tornadoes, or turbulence associated with thunderstorms.

Cold Front

Occurs when a cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass, causing temperature drops and potential storms.

Warm Front

Occurs when a warm air mass overrides a cold air mass, usually leading to gradual changes in weather.

Occluded Front

Occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front, leading to complex weather patterns.

Stationary Front

A front that does not move significantly, often leading to prolonged cloudiness and precipitation.

Stable Air Mass

Resists vertical movement, leading to calm and clear weather.

Unstable Air Mass

Allows for rising air, leading to cloud formation and potential storms.