Microbiology - Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms

taxonomy

the science of classifying organisms

systematics (phylogeny)

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

Woese

who was the scientist that developed the three domain system?

rRNA

Carl Woese developed the three domain system based on sequences of nucleotides in..?

Bacteria

domain that includes all of the pathogenic and nonpathogenic prokaryotes found in soil and water

Archaea

domain that includes prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell well, live in extreme environments, and carry out unusual metabolic processes

bacteria

which of the three domains is susceptible to antibiotics?

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside one another

common ancestor

grouping organisms according to common properties implies that a group of organisms evolved from a?

fossiles and genomes

evidence for grouping includes? (2)

rRNA and genome sequencing

what two things are used to determine evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes?

Bergey’s Manuel of Systemics of Archaea and Bacteria

the most important reference for microbiologists: contains the classification scheme for prokaryotes

animalia

multicellular; no cell wall; chemoheterotrophic describes kingdom..?

plantae

multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic describes kingdom?

fungi

chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments describes kingdom..?

protista

a catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms (unicellular eukaryotes)

clades

protists are grouped into _____ based on rRNA

viruses

not part of any domain; not composed of cells, and require a host cell (obligatory intracellular parasites)

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

manual that provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

morphology

a method of identification: useful for identifying eukaryotes, tell little about phylogenetic relationships - shape and structure, presence of endospores or flagella

differential staining

identification techniques that include gram staining, acid-fast staining; not useful for bacteria without cell walls or archaea

biochemical tests

identification method that determines the presence of bacterial enzymes (ex: IMViC)

rapid identification methods

perform several biochemical tests simultaneously and provide results in 4-24 hours 

serum

the liquid portion of the blood

serology

the science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

antigenic

microorganisms are ________, they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

antiserum

antibodies in serum; solutions of this can be prepared by inoculating lab animals with killed antigens 

serological testing

can be used to differentiate between species and strains within species; ex: slide agglutination test, ELISA, western blot

slide agglutination test

in this type of serological test, bacteria clump when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

positive

agglutination in a mixture of antiserum + bacteria indicates a (positive, negative) result

B. cells

what type of immune cells produce antibodies that are released into the blood?

T. cells

what type of immune cells destroy cells marked by antibodies?

antigens

a positive direct ELISA detects?

antibodies

a positive indirect ELISA detects?

direct ELISA

serological test in which known antibodies are used to detect an unknown type of bacterium/antigen

indirect ELISA

serological test in which known antigens are used to detect unknown antibodies

enzyme-linked

the addition of a molecule that is _____-______ is necessary for ELISA

phage typing

a test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

bacteriophage

bacterial viruses, and they usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect

true

true or false? phages are highly specialized - they usually infect only members of a particular species, or even a particular strain

plaques

in phage typing, the appearance of what indicates that the bacterium is susceptible to the phage

strain

phage typing is useful in determining a specific ______ of a bacterium

guanine + cytosine

DNA base composition is expressed as a percentage of what + what?

10%

in DNA base composition, a difference of more than what indicates that the two organisms are NOT related

nucleic acid hybridization

measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism

true

true or false: the greater degree of hybridization, the greater degree of relatedness.

70%

hybridization of over what percent is indicative of the same species?

western blotting

what type of blotting can identify antibodies in a patient’s serum?

southern blotting

nucleic acid hybridization technique used for DNA analysis

northern blotting

nucleic acid hybridization technique used for RNA analysis

probe

a single-stranded piece of KNOWN DNA is referred to as?

complete

(no, partial, complete) hybridization indicates the organisms are identical

partial

(no, partial, complete) hybridization indicates the organisms are related

no

(no, partial, complete) hybridization indicates the organisms are unrelated

nucleic acid amplification tests

tests that use PCR, reverse transcription PCR, and real time PCR to increase microbial DNA and can find different viruses

reverse transcription PCR

this kind of test can be used to find SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus, and MPOX viruses in sewage

fluorescent dye

the DNA probe is normally labeled with a __________ ___ so its presence can be detected

detergent

what is used to lyse the bacterial cells and release the DNA in southern blotting technique?

DNA chip

aka a microarray, contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample

fluorescent in situ hybridization

(FISH) identifies microorganisms in place, or in situ using fluorescent DNA or RNA probes, helpful in identifying bacteria in prosthetics

true

true or false? rRNA genes are highly conserved genes, and have undergone few changes over time

Murray

which scientist proposed the kingdom prokaryotae in 1968?

DNA fingerprinting

treating DNA from different bacteria with the same restriction enzyme followed by separation of the fragments by electrophoresis is known as?