BIOL 320 Lab 7 (PowerLab 4 - Respiratory Air Flow and Volume)

____________ ____________ is the movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs so that the gases in the lung are constantly refreshed with infusions of new air and effusion of old air

Pulmonary ventilation

During _____________ ____________, carbon dioxide diffuses to the lungs from the blood, the oxygen difuses to the blood from the lungs

external respiration

___________ _____________ occurs as oxygen diffuses from blood to the cells of the body, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells of the body to the blood

Internal respiration

The ___________ warms and moistens entering air, provides a resonating chamber for vocalizations, cleans and filters entering air, and houses the olfactory receptors

nose

A small portion of the superior nasal cavity is lined with ___________ _____________ ________________ containing the receptors for smell. The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa composed of _____________ _________________ ____________ ___________ with goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands

olfactory mucosa epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A __________ reflex is triggered when irritants (dust, pollen, etc) contact the rich supply of sensory nerve endings in the nasal cavity

sneeze

The ____________ _____________ increase surface area and help create turbulence which deflects non-gaseous particles onto the mucus coatings

nasal conchae

Paranasal sinuses are located in the ________, __________, _________, and __________ bones. These sinuses ____________ the skull but are prone to inflammation, especially due to infection or allergies

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid, lighten

When swallowing food, the muscular __________ ___________ and ____________ move superiorly to block off the nasopharynx, and the epiglottis flaps over the ___________, to keep food out of the nasal cavity and lungs, respectively

soft palate, uvula, larynx

The ___________ _____________ of the nasopharynx contains lymphatic tissue that traps and destroys pathogens.

pharyngeal tonsil

The ______________ __________ connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx so that air in the middle ear can match pressure with atmospheric air which is important for sound conduction and proper hearing

pharyngotympanic tubes

The _______________ and _______________ receive both food and air and thus have a more protective stratified squamous epithelium

oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The ___________ _____________ is the site of external respiration (where gas is exchanged) and is made up of the miscroscopic _____________ (the main site of exchange), ________ __________, and ___________ __________

respiratory zone, alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

The ____________ ______________ consists of all the tubes transporting air from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles

conducting zone

The ____________ houses the vocal folds (commonlay called vocal cords) for voice production

larynx

The _____________ _____________ anchors the vocal folds

arytenoid cartilages

The vocal folds and the opening between them (air passes through and produces sound when the vocal folds are positioned strategically) are collectively termed the __________

glottis

_____________ is an inflammation of the vocal folds causing them to swell and vibrate incorrectly

Laryngitis

Wat is the Valsalva maneuver

When the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to increase the intra-abdominal pressure to help empty the rectum
-Used by weight lifters too

What is Boyle's law?

As volume decreases, pressure increases

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

-Diaphram
-External intercostals
-Sternocleidomastoid
-Scalenes

What muscles are involved in expiration?

-Internal intercostals
-Abdominal muscles

What are the layers of the trachea?

-Mucosa: contains pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
-Submucosa: contains seromucous glands
-Adventitia: outermost connective tissue sheath

The trachealis muscle lies between the _____________ and _____________ and contraction of the trachealis aids in the rapid movement and and mucus out of the lungs and trachea during ____________

esophagus, trachea, coughing

An ________ ________ is a cluster of alveoli comin off an alveolar duct

alveolar sac

The alveoli are made of a single thin layer of __________ ________ ____________ and densely covered with ____________ __________

simple squamous epithelium, pulmonary capillaries

__________________ is the amount of gas reaching the alveoli and ________________ is the blood flow in the pumonary capillaries.

Ventilation, perfusion

Gas exchange is most efficient when ventilation and perfusion are _____________

equal

_____________ ___________ decreases surface tension in the alveoli

Pulmonary surfactant

The lungs take up the thoracic cavity except for the ______________, which contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, bronchi, and other organs

mediastinum

Between the two pleural membranes is a space filled with __________ __________

pleural fluid

Inflammation of the pleura is clinically termed ____________ and is often a result of ______________ (inflammation primarily of the alveoli in the lung)

pleurisy, pneumonia

The heart lies slightly to the left and the left lung only has _______ lobes, and the left lung is molded to accommodate the heart in a feature termed the __________ ________

2, cardiac notch

The stretchiness of the lungs is clinically termed as the amount of __________ __________.

lung compliance

The more the lungs expands the ______________ its compliance and the more _________ it is for the lungs to expand

greater, easy

____________ _______________ (the pressure in the alveoli) changes as we breathe to move gases between the lungs and blood and between the lungs and the atmosphere

Intrapulmonary pressure

The _____________ ____________ (pressure in the pleural space or cavity) is always slightly less than the _____________ _____________ (important because the difference helps keep the lungs from ever collapsing and thus keeps the bronchial tree always open)

intrapleural pressure, intrapulmonary pressure

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures is termed the _____________ ___________

transpulmonary pressure

If the small transpulmonary pressure difference is lost then the lung will collapse called ______________

atelectasis

During the resting pulmonary ventilation respiratory cycle, a specific volume of air is drawn into and then expired from the lungs; this volume is the ______________ ______________

tidal volume (TV)

The product of the breathing frequency (f) and tidal volume (TV) is the __________ ________ _________ (MV or VE) which is the amount of air exhaled in one minute of breathing

expired minute volume

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration is called ______________ ________________ (RV) and cannot be measured by spirometry.

residual volume (RV)

Residual volume (RV) prevents lung ____________ and helps keep the alveoli _________

collapse, open

The ___________ ____________ is obtained by inspiring as deeply and rapidly as possible and then expiring as deeply and rapidly as possible is called _____________ ___________ _____________

Vital capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC)

The ____________ ___________ _____________ ______ _____ ___________ ___________ is the volume of air expired during the first second of the expiration when performin the forced vital capacity.

forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)

FEV1 is usually represented in a percentage of _____________ _________ _____________ (___________/_____________)

forced vital capacity, (FEV1/FVC)

What is Dalton's law of partial pressure?

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture

What is Henry's Law?

-When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will disolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
-The larger the concentration of a gas in the mixture of gases, the greater and mroe rapidly that gas will go into solution in the liquid

___________ ____________ chambers contain oxygen at partial pressures higher than what we are normally exposed to in the atmosphere and can thus be used to drive oxygen into the blood of patients deficient in oxygen such as those suffering from ___________ __________ ____________

Hyperbaric oxygen, carbon monoxide

____________ is made up of four iron-containing heme groups each bound to a polypeptide chain subunit

Hemoglobin

What is the Bohr effect?

Increasing partial pressures of CO2, which weaken the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

What is the Haldane effect?

The less oxygen molecules you have on the hemoglobin, the easier it is for CO2 to attach to the Hb.

___________ is defined as inadequate oxygen delivery to the body tissues and is classified based on the cause

Hypoxia

_____________ __________ is poor oxygen delivery due to erythrocytes that contain too little or abnormal hemoglobin or from too few erythrocytes

Anemic hypoxia

_____________ ___________ results from blocked or impaired blood circulation

Ischemic hypoxia

_____________ ______________ results when adequate oxygen is delivered but the body cells are unable to use it such as is the case when metabolic poisons (cyanide) are administered

Histotoxic hypoxia

_____________ ______________ is indicated when the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in the arteriole blood is low and is commonly caused by disordered ventilation-perfusion coupling, pathological pulmonary ventilation impairment, and breathing air deficient in oxygen

Hypoxemic hypoxia

____________ ________________ ______________ is a type of hypoxemic hypoxia often caused by breathing smoke from fire or inhaling fumes of combustion

Carbon monoxide poisoning

What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group

integrates peripheral sensory and chemoreceptors input and modifies the rhythms generated by the ventral respiratory group

_________ is the clinical term for normal breathing rate (about 15 breats per minute)

Eupnea

The ________ ____________ ______________ modifies and fine-tunes breatin rhytms, and specifically smooths the alternating transitions between inspiration and expiration

pontine respiratory center

______________ is the clinical term for high carbon dioxide levels in the blood and ______________ is the term for low carbon dioxide

Hypercapnia, hypocapnia

_____________ is an increase in breathing rate and depthh based on metabolic need (a normal increase)

Hyperpnea

_____________ and _____________ causes cerebral blood vessels to constrict thus decreasing perfusion and increasing ischemia to the brain resultin in dizziness or fainting

Hypocapnia, alkalosis

______________ is the clinical term for breathing cessation

Apnea

________________ _______________ _____________ ____________, suc emphysema and chronic bronchitis, all involve an irreversible decrease in the ability to move air out of the lungs (and thus the RV increases)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

_____________ is the clinical term for difficult or labored breathing and is a symptom of COPD

Dyspnea

______________ is the clinical term for inadequate ventilation to meet metabolic needs

Hypoventilation

________________ is characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli due to destruction of the alveolar walls

Emphysema

_____________ is characterized by dyspnea, coughing, chest tightness, and/or wheezing accompanied by a sense of panic as the patient will generally feel as though they are about to suffocate

Asthma

Most common presentation and involves an initial active inflammation of the airways even before bronchospasms set in.

Allergic asthma

In allergic asthma, ___ lymphocytes stimulate the production of _______ and recruit inflammatory cells in an immune response that causes inflammation.

T, IgE