NBCE Part 1

What type of degeneration is associated w/ tuberculosis?

caseous necrosis

What type of degeneration deals with the peripheral nerves?

Wallerian degeneration

What is referred to the change in one cell type to another?

metaplasia

Changes in size, shape or function of cell is?

dysplasia

complete disorganization (cancer) of a cell?

anaplasia

What type of collagen is seen in discs (nucleus pulposus)?

type 2

What type of collagen is reticular collagen?

type 3

which type of collagen requires vitamin C?

Type 3 (reticular collagen)

Black lung disease disease from coal miners

anthracosis

What disease can lead to mesothelioma?

asbestosis

Which disease is an endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard?

blastomycosis

Endemic fungus in southwest deserts and referred to as San Joaquin Valley Fever

coccidiomycosis

Endemic fungus around Mississippi or Ohio valleys

histoplasmosis (histomycosis)

Disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust?

Silicosis (rocky quarry disease)

Curshmann's spirals and Charcot Leyden crystals are seen in?

asthma

What disease of the lung causes inflammation of the alveoli?

bronchopneumonia

Cystic fibrosis/salty baby syndrome occurs due to?

affected chloride channels

What disease is associated w/ alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency?

emphysema (barrel chest)

What disease causes caseous necrosis in the lungs?

tuberculosis (TB) -- ghon lesions in TB

If TB spreads to the spine, it is referred to as?

If vertebra collapses?

- Potts disease

- collapses = Gibbus deformity

MC kidney stone

Calcium oxalate

RBCs and small amounts of protein in the urine

nephritic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome presents w/ what features in the urine?

HEP

- H: hypertension

- E: edema

- P: proteins (massive amounts)

Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla

Pheochromocytoma

Addison's disease is caused by?

hypocortisolism causing low blood pressure

Disease caused by hypercortisolism and gives features of moon face, buffalo hump and purple striae

Cushing's syndrome

What disease is due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to iodine deficiency

goiter

What disease is caused by hyperthyroidism and causes exopthalmoses (bulging eyes)?

Graves disease

Autoimmune hypothyroidism

Hashimoto disease

Cretinism in infants is associated with?

myxedema caused by hypothyroidism

MC site for endometriosis

ovary

What is it called when the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis?

When it exits on ventral surface?

- dorsal = episadias

- ventral = hyposadias

benign tumor of smooth muscle

Leiomyoma

uterine fibroids are associated w/ what urogenital disease?

leiomyoma

What stage of syphilis is associated w/ hard, singular painless nodules?

primary

What stage of syphilis is associated w/ tabes doralis and gummas lesions?

tertiary

What stage of syphilis is associated w/ maculopapular rash and condylomata lata?

secondary

Gonorrhea is what type of organism?

Gram Negative Diplococcus

(Saying: It is negative to have gonorrhea)

MC STD

chlamydia

What is the difference in specific gravities between diabetes insipidus and mellitus?

- insipidus = low specific gravity

- mellitus = high specific gravity

Characteristics seen in diabetes mellitus?

polydypsia, polyphagia and polyuria

What disease is caused by a protein malnutrition?

kwashiorkor

Copper deposition disease is referred to as?

Wilson disease

What disease is associated w/ Kayser flesher rings?

Wilson's (copper deposits in eye)

Metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells

Barrett's esophagus

What causes barrett's esophagus?

GERD (reflux is the disease, heartburn is the symptom)

What disease is associated w/ a gluten intolerance due to a loss of villi?

celiac disease

Patient presents with right sided abdominal pain and diarrhea, but there is no blood present in the stool. Skip lesions and cobblestone appearance are found in the affected region

Crohn's disease

Teloscoping of the intestine onto itself

intussusception

Hematemesis due to alcoholism causes?

mallory weiss syndrome

iron deficiency anemia can cause what disease

Plummer vinson

Patient presents w/ left sided abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and lead pipe rigidity

Ulcerative colitis (toxic megacolon)

Twisting of an organ

volvulus

What type of loss is seen in patients w/ ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)?

only motor (NO SENSORY)

Neurofibillary tangles are seen in what disease?

alzheimer's

What is associated w/ a type 2 Arnold chiari malformation?

meningomyelocele in lumbar spine

Disease caused by peripheral demyelination and causes ascending paralysis

guillian barre syndrome (post infectious polyradiculopathy)

What disease are you most likely to see after receiving the flu vaccine?

guillian barre

What disease causes an interruption of the cervical sympathetics (due to possible pancoast tumor)?

Horner syndrome

What are the symptoms of Horner syndrome?

- ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

(PAM is horny)

CNS demyelination and plaquing of the spinal cord

multiple sclerosis

Charcot Triad includes:

scanning speech, intention tremor and nystagmus in multiple sclerosis

What disease forms antibodies that block ACH receptors?

myasthenia gravis

What is one of the first weaknesses or symptoms seen in myasthenia gravis?

weak ocular muscles (double vision)

What type of hypersensitivity is Grave's Disease

Type 2

What disease is associated w/ cafe au lait spots (coast of California)?

neurofibromatosis

What causes Parkinson's disease?

lack of dopamine from basal ganglia

Lewy inclusion bodies are seen in?

parkinson's disease

cogwheel rigidity is often seen in patients w/

parkinsons (paralysis agitatans)

PLS causes what type of loss?

sensory and motor (PLS aka combined systems disease)

What disease affects the anterior horns and produces a lower motor neuron lesion?

poliomyelitis

Cyst like formation in the spinal cord that causes loss of pain and temp bilaterally

syringomyelia of lateral spinothalamic tract

What disease causes alcoholic mental disorder due to thiamine deficiency?

wernicke Korsakoff

Movement of WBC along concentration gradient

chemotaxis

_____ refers to action of neutrophils and monocytes squeezing through the walls of blood vessels toward the site of damage

diapedesis

Action of WBCs lining the damaged vessels

pavementing or margination

platelet deposition is referred to as

thrombus

An emboli in the lungs are most commonly from?

veins in the lower extremity

List where the following macrophages are found:

1. kupffer cells

2. dust cells

3. microglia

4. dendritic

5. langerhan

1. kupffer = liver

2. dust = lungs

3. microglia = CNS

4. dendritic = PNS

5. langerhan = skin

List the natural killer cells (NK)

MEN

- monocytes

- eosinophils

- neutrophils

What type of cells are T helper cells?

CD4

What type of cells are T killer cells?

CD8 (cytotoxic)

Which type of cells destroys cancer?

T killer (CD8)

What type of cell increases in acute bacterial infections and acute inflammation?

neutrophils

What type of cell increases in viral conditions and chronic inflammation?

lymphocytes

What type of cell increases in chronic conditions?

monocytes

What type of cell increases in parasitic infections and allergies?

eosinophils

What type of cell is like mast cells that produce histamine?

basophils

Stages of inflammation

1. Injury

2. Vasoconstriction

3. Vasodilation

4. Edema

5. Healing

Disease marked by decreased B cells and is the MC primary immunodeficiency at birth

Bruton's agammaglobulinemia

What disease is marked by hypoplasia of the the thymus (primary T cell def)

DiGeorge's (chromosome 22)

Newborns without proper B or T cells and problems w/ bone marrow

severe combined immune deficiency

Severe combined immune deficiency can cause _____ in adults

aplastic anemia

Hemophilia A is associated w/ what factor deficiency?

Factor VIII - Von Willebrand (decrease in platelet adhesion)

Hemophilia B is associated w/ what factor deficiency ?

factor IX - Christmas factor (males)

Decreased RBCs, WBCs & platelets is called _____? What is it associated w/?

pancytopenia associated w/ aplastic anemia

MC cause of chronic blood loss

iron deficiency

What will the cell characteristics be in iron deficiency?

microcytic hypochromic

What anemia is associated w/ lack of intrinsic factor

pernicious anemia (B12)

Mediterranean anemia w/ hair on end x ray appearance

thalassemia (Cooley's anemia)