Leadership and management

Nurse leaders

They inspire and influence others to achieve organizational goals

Nurse managers

They plan, organize, coordinate and evaluate nursing services

Leadership

It’s primarily concerned with influencing with influencing people. It is the ability to influence, motivate, inspire, and guide individuals or groups toward achieving common goals

Management

It focuses on coordinating resources and processes to accomplish organizational objectives. It is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling organizational resources efficiently and effectively.

Northhouse, Marquis and huston

Experts in leadership

Northhouse (2022)

Who said “Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group to achieve a common goal.”?

Marquis & Huston (2024)

Who said “Leadership is the process of influencing others to accomplish organizational objectives.”?

Visionary, Inspirational, Ethical, Innovative, Effective communicator, Decision-maker, Motivator, Change agent

Characteristics of leadership

Visionary leader

They has the ability to create a clear, compelling picture of the future and inspire others to work toward achieving long-term goals.

Inspirational leader

they motivates and encourages others by demonstrating enthusiasm, confidence, Integrity, and commitment

Ethical leader

They consistently demonstrates honesty, fairness, accountability, respect, and adherence to professional standards and moral principles.

Innovative leader

They embraces creativity, new ideas, and evidence-based practices to improve organizational performance and patient outcomes.

Effective communicator leader

They conveys information clearly, listens actively, provides constructive feedback, and promotes open dialogue.

Decision-maker leader

They evaluates available information, considers alternatives, and selects the most appropriate course of action in a timely manner.

Motivator leader

They encourages individuals to achieve personal and organizational goals through recognition, empowerment, support, and positive reinforcement.

Change agent

They initiates, facilitates, and manages organizational change while helping others adapt to new processes and innovations.

Henri Fayol, Koontz and O’donnell

Who are the experts in managements?

Henri fayol

He said “Management is to forecast, plan, organize, command, coordinate, and control.”

Koontz and O'Donnell

He said ‘Management is the process of getting things done through and with people.”

 High-quality patient

care

 Improved patient safety

 Staff motivation

 Job satisfaction

 Reduced turnover

 Better communication

 Efficient resource

utilization

 Professional

development

 Conflict resolution

What does Effective leadership and management in Nursing contribute to?

Theory

It is a well-developed explanation of events or behaviors that has been systematically tested through observation, research, and evidence. Theories explain relationships among concepts and help predict outcomes.

Kerlinger (1986)

He said "A theory is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among variables."

 Evidence-based

 Explains relationships

 Predicts outcomes

 Can be tested and refined

 Provides a framework for research and practice

5 Characteristics of a Theory

Concept

It is an abstract idea or mental representation of something. Concepts are the basic elements from which theories are built.

Walker and avant (2019)

They said "A concept is a mental image or abstraction that represents a phenomenon."

 General idea

 Abstract

 Can be observed indirectly

 Forms the foundation of theories

Characteristics of a concept

Principle

It is a fundamental truth, law, or rule that serves as a guide for behavior, decision- making, or professional practice.

 Universal guideline

 Directs actions

 Supports consistency

 Helps in decision- making

 Often based on evidence and experience

Characteristics of a principles (HUDOS)

Dimension

It iis a particular aspect, characteristic, or measurable component of a broader concept or phenomenon. It describe different perspectives concept.

 Represents one aspect of a larger concept

 Measurable

 Helps in assessment and evaluation

 Often used in research and quality improvement

 Social skill

Characteristic of a dimensions (RMHOS)

Communication

• critical skill for nursing

• How humans meet their needs

• A dynamic process used to gather data, teach, persuade, express and comfort

Communication

the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions between two or more people through verbal, nonverbal, written, or visual means to achieve mutual understanding and accomplish a common purpose.

Harold D. Lasswell

He defined communication through his famous model: "Who says what, in which channel, to whom, and with what effect?"

Keith davis

He defined communication as the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another.

George R. Terry

He described communication as the exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, or emotions between two or more persons.

Sender, receiver, message, feedback/response, context, encoding, decoding, noise, and channel

9 elements of communication

Sender

The person who initiates the message.

Message

The information or idea being communicated.

Encoding

Converting thoughts into words, symbols or gestures

Channel

The medium used (spoken, written, electronic)

Receiver

The person who receives the message

Decoding

Interpreting and understanding the message

Feedback

The receiver’s response indicating understanding

Noise

Anything that interferes with communication

Context

The environment or situation where communication occurs

Sender

a person or group of persons who wishes to communicate/ convey a message to another person considered as the source encoder

Message

what is actually said or written, the body language that accompanies the words and how the message is transmitted

Receiver

The decoder of the message

Decode

It means to relate the message perceived to the receiver’s storehouse of knowledge

Response/feedback

It is the message that the receiver returns to the sender. This can be either verbal, non verbal or both.

Verbal, non-verbal, written and visual communication

4 types of communication

Doctor giving instructions, nurse explaining medications

Give example of verbal communication based on your ppt

Facial expressions, eye contact, gesture, postures, physical appearance, touch, tone of voice and body movements

Examples of non-verbal communication (FEGPPTTB)

Medical records

Emails

Text messages

Reports

Nursing documentations

5 examples of written communication (METRN)

Diagrams

Infographics

Graphs

Charts

Pictures

5 examples of visual communication (DIGCP)

Promote patient safety

improve teamwork

prevent misunderstanding

Increases work efficiency

Recite 4 importance of effective communications (PIPI)

Communication barriers

They are the factors that prevent messages from being accurately sent, received and understood

1. Physical

2. Physiological

3. Psychological/emotional

4. Poor listening skills

5. Perceptual

6. Semantic

7. Cultural

8. Organizational

9. Language

10. Technological

11. Attitudinal

12. Information overload

12 barriers to effective communication (PPPPP SCOL TAI)

Assertiveness

It is an essential professional communication skill that enables us to express our thoughts, concerns, and professional judgments clearly, confidently, and respectfully while respecting the rights and opinions of others. It is not being aggressive or confrontational; rather, it promotes patient safety, teamwork, and ethical nursing practice

1. Protecting patient rights

2. Providing constructive feedback

3. Participating in the healthcare team

4. Clarifying orders

5. Communicating patient needs

6. Advocating for patient safety

7. Managing conflict professionaly

8. Educating patients and families

9. Setting professional boundaries

9 Ways Future Nurses Can Apply Assertiveness in the Clinical Area (PPPCC AMES)

Submissive/passive and aggressive

Types of non-assertive communication

Scenario

Background

Assessment

Recommendations

What does SBAR means?

SBAR

This is a communication tool that we can use verbally and in writing letters when referring patient/s that will provide the background and situation of the patient you are referring to.

Controlling or evaluating

This is an ongoing function of management which occurs during planning, organizing and directing activities. This includes assessing and regulating performance in accordance with the plans adopted. the instructions issued and the principles established.

Controlling and evaluating

This opens opportunities for improvement and compares performance against set standard. It provides information about how well processes and people function so they can be motivated to perform better in the future.

Provides standards for establishing comparisons

Ensure that quality nursing is provided

Provides feedback for improvement

3 reasons for conducting evaluation (PEP)

1. Establishment of standards, objectives, and methods for measuring performance

2. Measurement of actual performance

3. Comparison of results of performance

4. Action to reinforce strengths or success

5. Implementation of corrective action as necessary

5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE CONTROL PROCESS (EMCAI)

Performance appraisal

 This is a control process in which employee's performance is evaluated against standards.

 It is the most valuable tool in controlling human resources and productivity.

 It reflects how well the nursing personnel have performed during a specific period of time

1. Determine salary standards and merit increases Identify unsatisfactory employees for demotion or termination

2. Select qualified individuals for promotion or transfer

3. Improve communication between supervisors and employees and reach an understanding of the objectives of the job

4. Provide Employee recognition

5. Inform employees where they stand

PURPOSES OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL (DISIPI)

Assurance

It means achieving a sense of accomplishment and implies a guarantee of excellence.

Quality

It gives people with different functions in the organization a common language for improvement. It enables all people with different priorities and abilities to communicate with each other in pursuit of a common goal

Total quality management

It is a way to ensure customer satisfaction by involving all employees in the improvement of the quality of every product or service.

All systems are evaluated and improved.

It aims to reduce waste and cost of poor quality

Performance evaluation

• it focuses on the worker

• Asks questions about how well the worker satisfies the requirements of his/ her job within the organization.

To measure and improve the quality of nursing delivered in the agency

Main purpose of quality assurance in nursing

Nursing audit commitee

It is composed of a representative from all levels of the nursing staff: ( may vary per hospital).

Includes: member of the training staff, Supervising nurse, Head nurse or senior nurse And Staff nurse

1. member of the training staff

2. Supervising nurse, Head nurse or senior nurse

3. Staff nurse

Nursing audit committee

1. Planning audit sessions

and scheduling

2. Arrange for medical

records to pull charts

for retrospective audits

and retrieve data.

3. Evaluating audit results

in committee.

4. Conducting process

audits

5. Preparing summaries of

all audits

6. Teaching professional

nursing personnel the

auditing process

7. Assisting nursing staff

in using audits results

8. Making

recommendations

9. Keeping brief pertinent

minutes of audit

committee meetings.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSING AUDIT COMMITTEE

Disciplinary actions

Steps taken by the management when an employee breaches the rules, policies and regulations and shall be given due process

Counseling or oral warning

Written warning

Suspension

Dismissal

4 disciplinary actions

Suspension

A disciplinary action that is is applied when the management feels that the employee can still be rehabilitated or given chance.

Dismissal

This is the final phase of the disciplinary actions to be done against an employee.

Written warning

This is the second step in disciplinary action.

Directing

Act of issuing of orders, assignments, instructions to accomplish the organization's goals and objectives

 Delegation,

 Supervision

 Staff development

 Coordination

 Collaboration

 Communication

 Decision Making

Elements of directing

Delegation

The act of assigning to someone else a portion or the work to be done with corresponding authority, responsibility, and accountability.

Under delegating and over delegating

Common delegation errors

Under delegating

Manager's false assumption that elegation may be interpreted as the lack of ability on his or her part to do the job correctly or completely.

Over delegating

The culprit is usually poor management of time and insecurity in the part of the nurse manager in her ability to perform tasks.

Improper delegating

Delegation of tasks and responsibilities beyond which the person cannot perform properly

Supervision

The process of guiding and directing the work to be done.

Staff development

It is to help employees perform effectively, and to enrich their competence

Coordination

This activity links the DIFFERENT components of an organization and leads them toward goal achievement.

Collaboration

The manager and the health care staff together with other members of the health care team all participate in decision making process.

Communication

•It is a process by which a message is sent, received and understood as intended. It ensures common understanding via various routes.

Physical, psychosocial, semantic, interpretations

Barriers to communication

Decision-making

The process of identifying and choosing a particular course or action from among several possible choices. refers to making choices among alternative courses of action-which may also include inaction.

Whether, which and contingent decisions

Kinds of decisions

Whether decisions

Decisions made before the selection of one of several alternatives