OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 10

Motivation

wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

Intrinsic motivation

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

Extrinsic motivation

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

Instinct

species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

Drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

Habit

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Yerkes-Dodson law

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

Self-efficacy

individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

Hierarchy of needs

spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

Satiation

fullness; satisfaction

Leptin

satiety hormone

Metabolic rate

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

Set-point theory

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

Overweight

adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9

Obese

adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

Morbid obesity

adult with a BMI over 40

Bariatric surgery

type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

Bulimia nervosa

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Binge eating disorder

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress

Anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

Distorted body image

individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

Sexual orientation

emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both

Homosexual

emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals

Heterosexual

emotional and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals

Bisexual

emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals

Sexual response cycle

divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Excitement

phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

Plateau

phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

Orgasm

peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

Resolution

phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state

Refractory period

time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

Gender identity

individual's sense of being male or female

Gender dysphoria

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

Transgender hormone therapy

use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

Emotion

subjective state of being often described as feelings

Components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

James-Lange theory of emotion

emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive

Polygraph

lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions

Cognitive-mediational theory

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

Basolateral complex

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

Central nucleus

part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

Cultural display rule

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

Body language

emotional expression through body position or movement

7 universal facial expressions

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger