Domain & Process Midterm Study Guide

Sensory - Vision

Quality of vision: ability to detect light, contrast, and color among visual stimuli

Visual acuity

allows us to detect form and contour/ see things clearly near and far

Visual stability

allows us to perceive objects or our environment as stable even tough our eyes are moving rapidly (challenged when our body and eyes are moving)

Visual field

allows us to see our full environment through central and peripheral vision

Sound detection & discrimination

determination of what is making the noise and if it requires us to act

Awareness of location & distance of sounds

locating where a sound is coming from and approximately how far away it is

Position (vestibular function)

Inner ear helps us to determine the position of our body; without the use of sight, tells you are sitting up/leaning/moving/still/accelerating/decelerating

Balance

How we remain in an upright position while standing, sitting, moving while being pushed or moved by an outside object

Secure movement against gravity

relies on semicircular canals of inner ear; allows people to move around in space against gravity forces

Smell

ability to sense odors or smells in the environment & if it calls for action

Taste

ability to sense qualities of bitterness, sweetness, sourness, saltiness; do you need this to complete the activity/occupation successfully?

Proprioception

awareness of body position and space: the ability to determine where one’s body parts are moving and which direction they are moving or being held; all activities require this, especially those that occur outside of sight

Muscle spindles

(proprioception) detects muscle length

Golgi tendon organs

(proprioception) receive information about joints through detection of movement of tendons

Feeling of being touched

ability to perceive contact with the skin; certain activities require a sense of comfort and understanding of a sensation (ex. camping/typing)

Touching various textures

ability to differentiate different textures

Localizing pain

being able to identify when damage may be occurring in a part of the body

Generalized pain

ability to send widespread pain or discomfort

Interoception

internal detection of changes in organs through sensory receptors (hunger/thirst, digestion, state of alertness, bladder functions)

Thermal awareness

ability to sense hot or cold

Sense of force applied to the skin

ability to feel pressure against the body (ask yourself - is pressure being applied to the person during an activity/ occupation?)

Joint range of motion

the ease with which a joint moves through motion; requires careful analysis of all movements that typically occur during the activity

Joint stability

maintenance of structural integrity of joints (stability allows for proper alignment)

• having proper joint alignment is important in activities if a joint is to be moved through more than a minimal range of motion or if stress is placed on the joint

Muscle power

(strength) the force with which a body part must move or hold an object; includes maintaining postures (standing upright)

Muscle tone

natural tension that is present in muscles at rest; normal tone is necessary for smooth movements during activities

Muscle endurance

muscle contraction must be maintained for prolonged periods of time

• ex. standing, holding an extremity in isometric contraction (longer time = more endurance)

Motor reflexes

motor movement and response to sensory stimuli; involuntary contractions of muscles automatically induced by stretching

• some present at birth, then integrate

• some onset within first 2 years of life, can be a protective mechanism

• muscle spindles send signals to the spinal cord regarding the length of the muscle

Stretch reflexes

prohibit stretching muscles too far; this function is only utilized when there is a chance of muscles being stretched to great lengths

Involuntary movement reactions

• postural reactions, body adjustment reactions and supporting reactions

• restore us to an upright posture

• automatic reaction of being “thrown off balance”

• ask yourself “are there any shifts in balance throughout activity”

Control of voluntary movement (eye-hand and eye- foot coordination)

utilizing what is visually perceived in the environment to contract and control muscle groups to move in a coordinated fashion

Control of voluntary movement (bilateral integration)

both sides of the body (arms or legs) are used collaboratively to complete a task

Control of voluntary movement (crossing of midline)

when one side of the body crosses into another; requires dynamic movement of the trunk and movements of the extremities to the opposite side of the body

Control of voluntary movement (fine motor control)

utilize small muscles of the hand and fingers. Not only used with objects but individual finger movements

Control of voluntary movement (gross motor control)

large muscles of the body are used to coordinate movements (ex. jumping, kicking, throwing); includes being able to start and stop contractions at the right time/ controlling speed

Control of voluntary movement (oculomotor control)

motor control of the eye muscles to allow detection of visual information

Oculomotor control (saccades)

rapid eye movements from one point to another

Oculomotor control (pursuits)

Eyes follow a moving object and keep its focus

Oculomotor control (accomodation)

eyes are able to change from near to far

Control of voluntary movement (gait patterns)

movements used to walk, normal gait pattern includes use of both legs interchangeably and shifting body weight from one leg to another

Cardiovascular functions

blood pressure, heart rate, and rhythm (rollercoaster, job interview); a normal level of bp is essential to life, but how much of it is challenged during an activity?

Hematological functions

Blood and blood forming tissues: required of activities that are physically strenuous by delivering electrolytes

Immunological functions

bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph tissues “fight off bad stuff”: challenged in certain activities, depends on environment

Respiratory function

moving air in and out of lungs rate of respiration (activities that require so respiration vs fast?)

Respiratory rhythm

cycle of inspiration and expiration (running, speaking, swimming, eating)

Respiratory depth

volume of air inhaled/exhaled (musical instruments, blowing bubbles)

Physical endurance, stamina, & aerobic capacity

required of all activities that call for longer periods of movement

Voice functions

those that produce noise by sending air through the larynx

Voice rhythm & fluency

flow and tempo used to express emotion emphasis and beginning and end of statements (fluency - allows us to speak one word after another smoothly)

Alternative vocalization

laughing, singing, humming, chanting, crying (children, comedy show)

Digestive functions

allows for the transport of food or liquids through the body

Metabolic functions

allows our bodies to utilize food and convert it to energy

Endocrine system

regulates hormone levels

Urinary functions

release urine from the body

Genital & reproductive

includes menstruation, procreation, sexual functions

Skin functions

protection & repair; required for activities that may have injury

Hair & nails functions

presence of hair or nails is required for certain tasks (hair brushing, painting nails)

Higher level cognition (judgment)

examining aspects of different options and discriminating the variation to form an option or belief (does it require the person to form an opinion/weigh options)

higher level cognitive functions (concept formation)

the ability to organize information and develop ideas based on the common qualities of objects or situations (abstract) (does it require a person to mentally form concepts and understand logical relationships between them, ex. love; form theories or ideas?)

Higher level cognitive functions (metacognition)

being aware of how we think and process and being able to manipulate and control one’s own cognition (thinking about thinking)

higher level cognitive functions (executive function)

complex goal -directed behaviors (decision making, planning, abstract thinking) (does the activity require paying attention to something, working memory, self control, shift/transition circumstances, ignore distractions)

Higher level cognitive functions (praxis)

ability to carry out sequential movements, with correct timing and transitions between one movement and another (fine and gross motor activities - motor planning) (ideation, planning, execution)

Higher level cognitive functions (cognitive flexibility)

changing strategies when confronting a problem or changing a set of thoughts (something happened, now what?)

Higher level cognitive functions (insight)

related to self- awareness and having an understanding of one’s strengths and weaknesses

Sustained attention and concentration

NBCOT, SAT, any activity that requires focus for long period of time

Selective attention

focusing on one thing while filtering out other stimuli

Divided attention

focus on two stimuli at the same time (driving)

Shifting attention

attend to one task at a time for limited amounts of time (cooking, taking, a phone call, back to cooking)

Memory

the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Short term memory

30 secs, minutes to hours

working memory

(while completing activity) constant ability to store memories and act on them within a task

Long term memory

few hours to many years

Auditory perception

discriminate between different sounds, tones, and pitches; act based on sound

Tactile perception

discriminate between different textures (ex. shampooing hair)

Visual perception

discriminate shapes, objects, colors (everything requires this in order to be safe)

Olfactory perception

does the activity require someone to act upon certain smells (ex. rotten milk)

Gustatory perception

discriminate between tastes

vestibular perception

ability to hold yourself upright, bring your head back to midline (bending over, dancing)

Proprioceptive perception

knowing where your body is in space, especially challenged if limbs are moving outside line of sight

Control of content of thought

maintaining a stream of thoughts that relate to the activity

Awareness of reality v delusions

distinguishing between thoughts and what is truly occurring (separating dreams, imagination, delusion)

Logical and coherent thought

must be reasonable and capable of being explained in words or symbols; used for reasoning; allows our actions to be reasonable

Sequencing complex movement

regulating speed, response, quality, and time of motor productions

Regulating and range of emotion

feeling sad, fear, anger, hate, tension, anxiety, joy (is there a common threat during the activity that will require the client to regulate their emotions, ex. spelling bee)

Appropriateness of emotions

controlling reactions when something could go poorly

Body image

related to a person’s awareness of the physicality and image of his body (is the size or shape of person important for activity)

Self concept

awarenss of your roles and identity in the world (is the activity linked to a social or familial role)

Consciousness

the state of awareness and alertness, including clarity and continuity of the wakeful state; ability to demonstrate alertness and respond to stimuli present in the environment (does the person need to act quickly? does the activity span a prolonged duration?)

Orientation

orientation to person and self, place, time, others

Psychosocial body functions

general mental functions we develop over our lifetime and contribute to our ability to create connections and social interactions with others (social interactions must be reciprocal and have meaing)

Temperament and personality

extroversion, introversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, self-expression, confidence, motivation, self control & impulse control

Energy

mental stamina and vigor (does the activity require vigorous mental work/mental energy for a long time?)

Sleep

only required for activities surrounding going to sleep

Motor skills

observed as the person interacts with and moves task objects and self around the task environment; used to move in the environment and interact with objects

Aligns

need to align body upright in most tasks to be successful, some activities demand this skill more than others (job interview v watching netflix)

Stabilizes

occurs when a person moves through the environment and interacts with objects, all without propping or loss of balance (challenging when moving OBOS - outside base of support)

Positions

people position themselves when they must establish an “effective distance from task objects and without awkward body positions) (ex. playing baseball)

Reaches

extending arm away from body

bends

flexion of trunk or rotation of trunk

grips

effective use of fingers, teeth, toes, or other parts to pinch or hold onto objects without slipping

Hook grasp

carrying suitcase, opening drawer