endocrine system - entire unit

what are hormones

hormones are chemicals that affect body functions

what are exocrine glands

Exocrine (EKS-oh-krin) glands secrete fluids and hormones via ducts that carry these products to their destinations.

endocrine glands

glands that have no ducts and secrete directly into the bloodstream

the bloodstream then carries the hormones to their destination

Hypothalamus hormones

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

anterior pituitary gland hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

growth hormone (GH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

prolactin

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

posterior pituitary gland hormones

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

oxytocin

pineal gland hormone

melatonin

thyroid gland hormones

calcitonin

triiodothyronine (T₃)

thyroxine (T₄)

parathyroid gland(s) hormone

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

thymus gland hormone

thymosin

adrenal gland hormones

glucocorticoids - cortisol and cortisone

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone

sex hormones - androgens, estrogens, progestin

epinephrine (adrenaline)\

norepinephrine

pancreas hormone

glucagon

insulin

ovaries hormones

estrogen

progesterone

testes hormone

testosterone

the primary organs and glands of the endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes

what system does the hypothalamus control

the autonomic nervous system ( involuntary )

GHRH

growth hormone releasing hormone:
stimulates the release of growth hormone from pituitary

GHIH

growth hormone inhibiting hormone:
decreases the production of GH in the pituitary, regulates growth with GHRH

tropins

help control the release of other hormones in the body

CRH

corticotropin releasing hormone is what is released when the body is stressed

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone:

controls adrenal gland function influencing the production of cortisol

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone:
regulates the release of reproductive hormones in m and f

TRH

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH):
released by the pituitary to regulate thyroid function

what is the pituitary also known as

the master gland

ADH

antidiuretic hormone:

controls water reabsorption in the kidneys and other kidney functions

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk production during breastfeeding

melatonin

regulates circadian rhythm, sleep

released in response to decreased light levels

circadian rythym

24 hour sleep and waking cycle, melatonin is critical to the circadian rythym

major role of the thyroid gland

regulates metabolism (absorption and usage of nutrients)

does it by releasing T3 and T4

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone:

stimulates body growth and development

LH

luteinizing hormone:

in females, stimulates ovulation and menstruation.

in males stimulates testosterone production

MSH

melanocyte-stimulating hormone:

stimulates the pigment melanin to help darken skin

prolactin

stimulates milk and breast dev in females

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone:

stimulates the thyroid gland and helps regulate thyroid function

calcitonin

stimulates the deposit of calcium in the ones and lowers blood c. levels

T₃

triiodothyronine:

controls metabolism and body temp

T3 > T4

T₄

thyroxine:

controls metabolism and body temp

PTH

parathyroid hormone:

increases blood calc. levels and stim breakdown of bone

thymosin

promotes the development of T cells by the immune syst

glucocorticoids

a group of hormones involved in metabolizing carbs, proteins and fats

cortisol

regulates blood gluc. levels and helps metabolize carbs, proteins, and fats

cortisone

regulates blood glucose levels

mineralocorticoids

a groups of hormones involved in balancing fluid and electrolyte levels

aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone

sex hormones

A group of hormones responsible for reproductive and secondary sex characteristics in males and females. Secondary sex characteristics are characteristics related to, but not directly involved in, reproduction (for example, pubic hair).

androgens, estrogens, progestin

epinephrine

intensifies stress and triggers fight or flight

norepinephrine

prepares body for stress and acts as a vasoconstrictor

glucagon

stimulates the liver to restore stored glucose into the blood, increase blood glucose lvls

insulin

regulates the absorption of glucose into the blood cells, decreasing blood glucose levels

estrogen

stimulates the dev of female secondary sex characteristics and reg the female reproductive system

progesterone

prepares the female body for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy

testosterone

stimulates the dev of male secondary sex characteristics and promotes sperm production.

beta cells

responsible for the release of insulin

alpha cells

responsible for secreting glucagon

ovaries are…

female gonads that produce gametes or sex cells

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

blood test using radioactive chemicals to measure hormone levels

thyroid/parathyroid ultrasound

imaging to check gland size or distinguish between cysts and tumors

thyroid function test (TFT)

panel of tests to determine how well the thyroid is working

long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) test

thyroid test used to detect LATS, which can cause hyperthyroidism

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test

most accurate measure of thyroid activity via blood levels

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) test

measure of TBG to indicate T3 and T4 levels

thyroxine (T4) test

measures the amount of T4 in the blood

triiodothyronine resin uptake (T3RU) test

measures T4 levels by testing T3RU

triiodothyronine (T3) test

measures the amount of T3 in the blood

thyroid scan

imaging using radioactive iodine to record thyroid accumulation and activity

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

surgical removal of the adrenal gland through small abdominal incisions

lobectomy

surgical removal of one or more lobes of an organ

parathyroidectomy

surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands

thyroidectomy

surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland

antithyroid agents

drugs that block thyroid hormone production

hormone replacement therapy

artificial hormones used to treat hyposecretion or menopause

human growth hormone therapy

synthetic hormone used to stimulate skeletal growth in children

insulin replacement therapy

natural or synthetic insulin used for diabetes mellitus

oral hypoglycemic agents

drugs taken by mouth to decrease blood glucose

synthetic antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

synthetic ADH used to treat SIADH

synthetic glucocorticoids

hormones used for Addison’s disease; can cause Cushing’s syndrome

thyroid replacement therapy

hormones used to treat hypothyroidism or after gland removal