Skin Disorders, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Eye and Ear Disorders, Endocrine System Disorders, Digestive System Disorders, and Complications Due to Aging

Vocabulary flashcards for key terms and concepts

Epidermis

Area lacking blood vessels and nerves.

Vesicle

A raised, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid.

Urticaria

A common effect of a type I hypersensitivity response to ingested substances.

Increased mitosis and shedding of epithelium

Change that occurs in the skin with psoriasis.

Begins as a red papule and develops into silvery plaques

Typical lesion of psoriasis.

Entry of resident flora while scratching the lesion

Why secondary infections frequently develop in pruritic lesions.

Pemphigus

An autoimmune disorder.

Furuncles

Skin lesions usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

The infection is highly contagious

Statement that applies to impetigo.

Mild tingling along the nerve or on the lips

Common signal that a recurrence of herpes simplex infection is developing.

They limit the acute stage and viral shedding

How antiviral drugs are effective in treating a viral infection.

Scalp

Tinea capitis involves the:

Human papillomavirus

Plantar warts are caused by:

Infection rapidly causes extensive tissue necrosis and toxic shock

Statements regarding acute necrotizing fasciitis.

Fungus

Type of microbe that causes Tinea infections.

Mites burrowing into the epidermis and reaction to their feces

Cause of the pruritus associated with scabies.

The presence of nits at the base of hair shafts

How pediculosis can be diagnosed.

Exposure to ultraviolet light

Major predisposing factor to squamous cell carcinoma.

The neoplasm grows rapidly and metastasizes early. The lesion is usually dark or multicolored with an irregular border

Statements that apply to malignant melanoma.

Increase in immunosuppressed individuals

Factor that has contributed to the increased incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

They arise on skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation

Statement that applies to actinic keratoses.

Erythematous ring of vesicles with a clear center

Lesion distinguishes Tinea corporis.

Toxic shock and disorientation

Systemic effects of acute necrotizing fasciitis include:

Noting the location and size of the lesion

How cause of contact dermatitis can often be identified.

Collagen deposits in the small blood vessels of the skin and sometimes the viscera

Pathological change associated with scleroderma.

Small vesicles that rupture to produce a crusty brown pruritic mass

Description of the typical lesion of impetigo.

Scabies—fingers, wrists, waist

Correct match of the skin condition and its usual location.

A bacterium

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is caused by:

A delay in initial diagnosis

Factor that is responsible for increasing the mortality rate among patients suffering with necrotizing fasciitis.

Knots of tissue in the palm of the hand resulting in bent fingers

Dupuytren’s contracture deformity involves:

Osteoblasts

Cells that produce new bone.

Acetylcholine

Chemical transmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.

Compact and cancellous

Two types of bone tissue.

The skin and soft tissue are exposed at the fracture site

Would identify an open or compound fracture.

The distal radius is broken

Describes a Colles’ fracture.

Is the structure into which granulation tissue grows

During the fracture healing process, the hematoma.

Serves as a splint across the fracture site

When a fracture is healing, the procallus or fibrocartilaginous callus.

Severe ischemia and tissue necrosis

The inflammation surrounding a fracture site during the first few days may complicate healing by causing:

Deformity at a joint

Sign of a dislocation.

A sedentary lifestyle, long-term intake of glucocorticoids and calcium deficit

All of the following predispose to osteoporosis

Bone resorption is greater than bone formation. It causes compression fractures of the vertebrae. It often leads to kyphosis and loss of height

Statements that apply to osteoporosis.

Steady, severe, and persisting with rest

Description of the typical bone pain caused by osteogenic sarcoma.

X-linked recessive gene

How Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is inherited.

There is difficulty climbing stairs or standing up at 2 to 3 years of age

Is true about Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.

Diarthroses

The most common type of joint, which are freely movable, are called

Degeneration of articulating cartilage occurs in the large joints

Characteristic of osteoarthritis.

Increased with weight-bearing and activity

Typical characteristic of the pain caused by osteoarthritis.

The osteophytes and irregular cartilage surface

What limits joint movement in osteoarthritis?

Affected individual’s exerting stress on the normal joint to protect the damaged one

Joints affected by osteoarthritis can sometimes affect healthy joints by ?

Bilateral small joints, symmetrical progression to other joints

Typical joint involvement with rheumatoid arthritis.

Systemic inflammatory disorder due to an autoimmune reaction

Basic pathology of rheumatoid arthritis.

Enzymatic destruction by the pannus

How the articular cartilage is damaged in rheumatoid arthritis.

Red, warm, swollen, and tender to touch

How the joint appears during an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis.

Skeletal muscle hypertrophies

Ankylosis and deformity develop in rheumatoid arthritis because

Nodules in various tissues, severe fatigue, and anorexia

Systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis are manifested as:

Osteoporosis

Common effect of long-term use of glucocorticoids to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid factor is not present in JRA, but systemic effects are more severe

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) differs from the adult form in that:

Purulent synovial fluid present in a single, swollen joint

Distinguishes septic arthritis.

A sudden increase in serum uric acid levels

May precipitate an attack of gout.

Sacroiliac joints with progression up the spine

Inflammation usually begin in an individual with ankylosing spondylitis.

Rigidity, postural changes, and osteoporosis

Common outcome of fibrosis, calcification, and fusion of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis.

They prevent excessive movement of joints

Statement that applies to menisci.

Prolonged inflammation and ischemia and Presence of osteomyelitis

Factors that delay healing of bone fractures.

Pulmonary inflammation and obstruction

Likely immediate result of fat emboli from a broken femur.

Ligament

A sprain is a tear in:

Dietary supplements of calcium and vitamin D

Therapeutic measures for osteoporosis include:

Specific trigger points for pain and tenderness

Distinguishing feature of primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Lungs

Ewing’s sarcoma metastasizes at an early stage to the:

Synarthroses

Immovable joints are called

A deficit of vitamin D and phosphates

Rickets results from

Cardiovascular disease

Paget’s disease often leads to which of the following?

The mandible

Bones classified as

The separation of bones in the joint with a loss of contact

A dislocation is

Electromyogram

Diagnostic test that measures the electrical charge of muscle contraction and can help differentiate muscle disorders from neurological disease is a/an

Comminuted fracture

The type of compound fracture in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments is referred to as a/an

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs composed of synovial membrane located between structures such as tendons and ligaments and act as additional cushions are called:

Psoriatic arthritis

An autoimmune form of arthritis is known as

Movement of the eyeball

What do the extrinsic muscles of the eye control?

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is required

What must happen for the pupil of the eye to dilate?

Astigmatism

Which of the following is caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens?

Chlamydia bacteria

Trachoma is an eye infection caused by

Abnormally narrow angle between the cornea and iris

Which statement does NOT apply to chronic glaucoma?

Chronic (wide-angle) glaucoma

Which disorder is manifested by loss of peripheral vision?

Cataract

Which of the following involves a gradual clouding of the lens of the eye?

Lack of nutrients causing death of retinal cells

Which of the following is a likely consequence of an untreated detached retina?

No pain, development of a dark area in the visual field

Which of the following is a sign of a detached retina?

Degeneration of the retinal cells in the fovea centralis

What is the basic pathological change with macular degeneration?

Organ of Corti and semicircular canals

What does the inner ear contain?

Adhesions reducing the movement of the ossicles

Which of the following is an example of conduction deafness?

Rupture of the tympanic membrane

In a case of acute otitis media, what would a purulent discharge in the external canal of the ear and some pain relief likely indicate?

Fixation of the stapes to the oval window

How does otosclerosis cause hearing loss?

Excessive endolymph impairs the function of hair cells in the labyrinth

Why does vertigo occur with Ménière’s syndrome?

Loss of central visual acuity

Which is the early effect of age-related macular degeneration?

Tinnitus

Which of the following is often the first sign of ototoxicity from drugs or chemicals?

Cochlear implants may restore hearing in cases of sensorineural loss

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Right occipital lobe

Loss of the left visual field results from damage to the

Nystagmus

The involuntary abnormal movement of one or both eyes is referred to as

Sensorineural

An infection that damages the auditory nerve can cause what type of hearing loss?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which fluid is found surrounding the optic disc?

Fovea centralis

The area providing the greatest visual acuity is the