Protein Synthesis & Mutations

amino acids

monomers of proteins

protein synthesis

the creation of protein from a DNA template

transcription

synthesis of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template

translation

process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

ribosome

site of translation

nucleus

site of transcription

central dogma

DNA, RNA, protein

ribosome (protein)

site of protein synthesis

steps of protein synthesis

1. transcription

2. translation

steps of transcription

1. dna unzips

2. rna nucleotides attach, making mRNA

3. mRNA breaks off and the DNA zips back together

steps of translation

1. ribosome and mRNA join

2. ribosome reads codon until it gets to AUG and starts making proteins

3. tRNA brings corresponding amino acids

4. ribosome moves down mRNA, bonding amino acids as it goes

5. ribosome reaches the top of the codon and everything leaves as the protein chain is complete

mRNA

RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

bases of DNA

A, T, C, G

bases of RNA

A, U, G, C

codon

a sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a amino acid

anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to a mRNA codon

substitution mutation

a single nucleotide that is replaced by a different nucleotide

insertion mutation

a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

polypeptide chain

long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

DNA bases

A, T, C, G

RNA bases

A, U, C, G

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

amino acid

building blocks of protein

DNA polymerase

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

chargaffs rule

A=T and C=G

during transcription

a pairs with u

double helix

shape of DNA

helicase

an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks