biomed ultimate review

what does PPE stand for ?

personal protective equipment

what ppe did we use throughout this unit ?

safety goggles, gloves

what kinds of evidence does a forensic scientist collect ?

dna, fingerprints, blood, physical traces

what is the difference between an independent and dependent variable ?

independent: manipulated variable affecting results.

dependent: measured/collected variable, outcome/result of experiment

what makes a good problem question ?

avoids dichotomies, supports exploration of multiple perspectives

how do you typically write a hypothesis ?

if,(idependent variable) then(dependent variable) .

why is it important to cite your sources when including background information for labs ?

to avoid plagiarism and give credit to original authors.

in which section do you interpret results from a lab ?

1.1.6

how are conclusion questions important for supporting your argument ?

gives reader a better understanding of thesis and reinforces it.

how might police be hindered when searching for information about a suspect/victim from social media apps ?

company is unresponsible possibly because overburdened by requests from law enforcement, encrypted data making it impossible for police to collect information

what is the name given by forensic investigators and medical examiners to the person who has died ?

decedent

what are the 6 search methods ?

link method, line (strip method), grid method, zone method, spiral method, wheel/ray method.

which is the most appropriate method for investigating a large, outdoor area ?

grid method

what information should be included on a key and legend for a scene sketch ?

key: all observable evidence

legend: date, time, location, and temperature.

what were the piece of evidence we collected and the test we ran on those pieces of evidence ?

1. (#6 "blood" on table, #4 "blood on blanket, test: kaste-meyer test, gel electrophoresis.)

2. (fingerprint on note + glassware, test: fingerprint lifting method.)

3. (#7 maggots, test: temperature glaister equation.)

4. (#13 anna garcia's head, test: wet mount slide test.)

5. (#5 orange juice, test: pH strip test.)

6.(#10 note in pocket, test: analysis of handwriting.)

what is a person of interest ?

a person of suspected relation to a possible crime

what psychological changes occur when a person of interest provides false information ?

heart rate increases, sweating

what is a polygraph ?

a lie detector test used in forensic cases to help determine truthfulness of a person of interest.

what is the importance of baseline data in a polygraph ?

acts as a point of comparison for the physiological responses to the polygraph questions.

what is the importance of using yes/no questions for a polygraph ?

allows a clear, concise response from the subject, allowing the polygraph machine to accurately measure their physiological reactions to specific questions.

does a misleading statement always imply guilt? why or why not?

a misleading statement does not always signify guilt because people can have disorders affecting their heart rate and guilty people can just appear calm even when lying.

what forensic evidence did we process in this lesson ?

anna's hair, fingerprints, and digital evidence.

what are the parts of the hair ?

hair root - part of hair below surface of cortex

hair shafts - part of hair seen above skin, composed of cortex, medulla, and cuticle.

what differences can be present in a hair to help narrow down the source ?

growth cycle, diameter of hair, artificial treatment, & disease of hair abnormalities.

what are the different fingerprint patterns ?

loop, whorl, arch, tented arch.

what are minutiae ? give 2 examples

small characteristics detailed by tiny ridges, delta, ridge ending.

what are examples of digital evidence used in the anna garcia case ?

her social media stream and story, and her text messages and emails.

what are other examples of digital evidence that could be used today?

browsing history, documents, camera footage, deleted files.

what is the composition of blood?

55% plasma (pale liquid), 45% red blood cells, antibodies, and platelets.

what test do we use to determine if reddish brown stains are blood or not?

kastle-meyer test

compare an antigen versus an antibody:

antigen: causes a direct immune response.

antibody: instead identifies pathogens but does not cause a direct immune response.

why do you use both positive and negative controls for presumptive blood testing ?

verifies that the test had run correctly; to accurately separate positive results from false results.

what color is produced if a sample has blood ?

pink

why can blood typing not be used alone to determine identity ?

majority of population shares the same blood type; suspects of interests sharing blood type is likely.

what antibodies are present in the blood of a person with type B blood ?

anti-a antibodies

define agglutination . why does this occur ? what does this look like during a blood typing test ?

agglutination is the binding to blood cells when exposed to antibodies that causes a clumping reaction. it appears clumped and pink during a blood typing test because the blood is clumping in reaction to the antibody.

why did we use a line of best fit in the blood spatter graph ?

to show that data is consistent and accurate.

what is the relationship between blood spatter diameter and height of origination?

higher height of origination = larger diameter of blood spatter.

why is it important to run dna through restriction digestion before running a gel electrophoresis ?

it allows scientists to separate, visualize, and compare the sizes of dna fragments.

how do we obtain dna from persons of interest ?

cells are collected with a cheek swab, broken open, and extracted to gain the dna of persons of interest.

what size pieces of dna move more easily ? why is this important in the process of gel electrophoresis ?

small fragments of dna move more easily and this is important because it determines its size by how far a piece has gone down.

which end of the gel does dna go toward ?

the positive end

what is a dna ladder ?

a series of DNA fragments of known lengths

explain a rflp.

a variation in dna fragment sizes that is formed when dna is cut with restriction enzymes.

what is the importance of sugar in loading dye ?

it increases the density of the sample, ensuring that it sinks to the bottom of the gel well when loaded, preventing it from floating away during electrophoresis.

how might we explain errors in our results when conducting a gel electrophoresis ?

by analyzing the bonding patterns from the gel and drawing conclusions even though the ladder did not run; by a paragraph conclusion.

what are the main organs of the skeletal system ?

bones, joints

what is the function of the skeletal system ?

provides structure, support, movement, and protection, and stores minerals.

what are the main organs of the integrumentary system ?

hair, skin, nails

what is the function of the integumentary system ?

forms the body's external covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; helps regulate body temperature.

what are the main organs of the muscular system ?

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

what is the function of the muscular system ?

moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintains posture, produces heat.

what are the main organs of the nervous system ?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

what is the function of the nervous system ?

responds to internal and external changes by activating an appropriate response, processes information.

what are the main organs of the cardiovascular system ?

heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) .

what is the function of the cardiovascular system ?

pumps blood around body, transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

what are the main organs of the respiratory system ?

nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, bronchus

what is the function of the respiratory system ?

gas exchange with external environment, keeps blood supplied with oxygen, receives carbon dioxide.

what are the main organs of the lymphatic and immune system ?

lymph nodes, spleen, thymes, bone marrow

what is the function of the lymphatic and immune system ?

filters fluid in the body, mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body.

what are the main organs of the digestive system ?

oral cavity, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, stomach

what is the function of the digestive system ?

breaks down food into its nutrient molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of waste.

what are the main organs of the urinary system ?

kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra

what is the function of the urinary system ?

eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balances of the blood.

what are the main organs of the endocrine system ?

testis, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovary gland

what is the function of the endocrine system ?

secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

what are the main organs of the reproductive system ?

vagina, ovaries, uterus, penis, testes, prostate

what is the function of the reproductive system ?

to produce, transport, and sustain sperm and egg cells; to nurture the developing offspring.

cause of death

the specific injury, trauma, or disease that directly caused the victims death.

manner of death

what happens physiology inside the body to result in death.

mechanism of death

the circumstances that result in death, which are designated as natural or unnatural.

livor mortis

the pooling of the blood in after death, spans from 0-24 hours, indicates time of death by stage in lividity.

rigor mortis

stiffening of joints and muscles after death. spans from 2-48 hours, used to indicate time of death by stage of rigor mortis.

algor mortis

change in body temp after death, spans from 0-24 hours, used to indicate time of death by the body temperature of the decedent.

insect activity

the presence of eggs, larva, or full-grown bugs provide a timestamp for how long the body has been decaying, occurs about 1-145 hours after death.

what is confirmatory testing ?

a sophisticated, measured use of techniques to identify a specific substance or compound.

list an example of confirmatory testing.

gas chromotography

what is presumptive testing ?

a preliminary test that uses a target chemical to establish possibility of substance, tissue, or fluid being present.

list an example of presumptive testing.

scott's test

what are the four lobes of the brain ?

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

what is the function of the parietal lobe ?

integrating sensory and visual information.

what is the function of the frontal lobe ?

planning and organizing information & controlling behavior & emotions.

what is the function of the temporal lobe ?

processing language and storing information in the long-term memory.

what is the function of the occipital lobe ?

receiving and processing sensory nerve impulses from the eyes.

compare and contrast effect for TBI and CTE.

TBI: brain dysfunction caused by AN occurrence from an outside force to the head.

CTE: progressive degeneration of nerve cells caused by REPEATED head collisions.

what are the four types of tissues ?

nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

what is the function of the nervous tissue ?

sending impulses to other areas of the body (communication)

what is the function of the epithelial tissue ?

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

what is the function of the muscle tissue ?

contracting to produce movement, posture, temperature, storing nutrients

what is the function of the connective tissue ?

providing structure and protection to other organs and tissues in the body