UNIT 1 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Skeletal System

The bones and joints that support and allow movement of the body.

Muscular System

The muscles responsible for producing movement and maintaining posture.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for breathing and gaseous exchange.

Cardiovascular System

The heart, blood and blood vessels that circulate substances around the body.

Energy System

The processes used to resynthesise ATP for energy.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The immediate usable energy source for muscle contraction.

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle size.

Agonist

The main muscle responsible for producing a movement.

Antagonist

The muscle that works opposite the agonist.

Synergist

A muscle that assists the agonist.

Fixator

A muscle that stabilises a body part.

Concentric Contraction

Muscle shortens while producing force.

Eccentric Contraction

Muscle lengthens while producing force.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle produces tension without changing length.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per heartbeat.

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Tidal Volume

Amount of air breathed in or out during a normal breath.

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.

Residual Volume

Air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Minute Ventilation

Amount of air moved into or out of the lungs per minute.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels.

Lactate

A product associated with anaerobic glycolysis that can be transported and processed by the body.

San (Sinoatrial Node)

The heart's natural pacemaker that produces electrical impulses.

AVN (Atrioventricular Node)

A heart structure that delays the electrical impulse to allow the ventricles to fill with blood.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A process that breaks down glucose to produce energy without oxygen.

Aerobic System

An energy system that uses oxygen to produce ATP.

Energy System Dominance

The energy system that contributes the greatest amount of energy at a particular point.