Bio102_Exam 1 Review (1-8 imported)

Conformer

Allows its internal condition to vary with external changes._ Ectotherm

Countercurrent Exchange

Fluid handling vessels are arranged in such a way to efficiently minimize the loss of some component or maximize the some component's uptake._ Circulatory Adaptations

Dynamic Equilibrium

When specific molecules/ processes actually achieve homeostasis they are said to be in ___________. ( ex. If you are maintaining the same relative position in space while on a moving escalator, the rate you are walking and the moving escalator are in __________ while the condition of " standing still" could be described as homeostasis)

Ectotherm

A conformer-"Cold blooded"- An organism that gains its heat from external sources.

Endotherm

A regulator-"Warm blooded" - An organism that generates its own body heat.

Homeostasis

regulated by basic chemical and physical possesses as well as the activity of the endocrine and nervous systems. A descriptive word for a steady state ( or balanced physiological condition). -Body temperature, PH, glucose, retinol, and more are all maintained at a constant level in humans ( so what are we?)

Homeotherm

Body temp remains relatively constant ( can be regulator or a conformer)- Thermoregulation stability

Negative Feedback Loop

A response that reduces or "dampps" the stimulus. -Participants in a __________are balanced such that a change in one provokes a compensatory response that leads to a return to the original state. -Often seen in maintenance of homeostasis -Heat up -> sweat -> Cool down

Physiology

Refers to the processes and functions of an organism's body and its parts. (Blood vessels arrayed in hares large ears expand and constrict, regulating body temperature)

Poikilotherm

Body temp varies ( can be a regulator or a conformer) - Thermoregulation stability

Positive Feedback Loop

A response that amplifies or increases the stimulus. -Often seen to provoke an event or state change ( like the role of oxytocin childbirth). -Chemical signals secreted by injured tissue activate platelets in the blood (To promote clotting) -> active platelets in turn secrete more chemical signals that activate platelets.

Regulator

Uses internal controls to moderate internal change when challenged with environmental fluctuation. They maintain particular internal conditions such as temperature, independently of external conditions.

Adipocytes

Lipids intercellular rather than stoned as ECM

Adipose

Thermal and energetic homeostasis

Bone

Structural rigidity

Cardiac muscle

Coordinated involuntary contraction - Contains less orderly sarcomeres and intercalated discs - Cardiac myocytes

Cartilage

Flexible support

Cells

The Basic functional unit of living organisms. - Perform a variety of functions including: (Chemically modifying molecules - Synthesis and catabolism of macromolecules - Secreting and/ or digesting extracellular matrix ( ECM).-- Moving - Growing - Developing into other types of cells - Producing pigments and/or signaling molecules - Generating electrical/pH gradients - Detecting electromagnetic or mechanical energy - And more.

Chondrocytes

Located within lacunae

Columnar

Column shaped. Digestive tract , cilia for secretion and absorption

Connective

Bind and support - Tissue contains few cells and lots of ECM - (Solid, Liquid, Jell)

Cuboidal

Cube shaped. Line the kidney tubules , bronchioles ( lungs), reproductive tract.

Epithelial

Is a cell type with subcategories of squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

Fibroblasts

Usually associated with connective tissue proper (CTP)

Fibrous Connective tissue

Attach muscle and bone

Glia

Support, nourish, and insulate the neurons - Can be classified as white matter by the concentration of glial cells.

Loose connective tissue

Hold organs in place

Muscle

Contain the proteins actin and myosin arranged to allow contraction. - Three types: (Smooth muscle, Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle)

Nervous

Senses stimuli and transmits signals as nerve impulses - made up of Neurons and Glia.

Neurons

They convey impulse from dendrite to axon.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs coordinated to a major common function.

Digestive System

Food Processing

Circulatory System

distribution of materials throughout the body

Endocrine System

coordination and regulation of organ and organ system function.

Excretory System

Osmotic balance and elimination of metabolic wastes

Immune and lymphatic Systems

Defense

Integumentary System

protection and thermoregulation

Muscular System

Locomotion and movement

Nervous system

Coordination of activates, perception, cognition, memory

Reproductive system

Baby makin'

Respiratory System

Gas exchange

Skeletal system

support and protection for internal organs

Organs

Tissues are further organized into organs. (A collection of tissues into a structurally distinct unit that often performs a specific set of biological tasks.)

Osteocytes

Similar to cartilage in structure, but ECM contains calcium and phosphate salts.

Pseudostratified

Some cells intercase with both sides while others do not and is a cell type in the category of the Epithelial cells. - Columns shaped bunched together. Reproduction and respiratory tracts. Cilia moves secretions out.

Simple

Has a single layer and is a cell type in the category of the Epithelial cells.

Skeletal muscle

Arranged in orderly sarcomeres ( a repeating, orderly arrangement of actin and myosin) - Allows for voluntary movement - Skeletal myocytes

Smooth muscle

Lacks striations; found in internal organs, such as digestive track

Squamous

Flat cells that line the heart, blood vessels and body cavities

Stratified

Has many layers and is a cell type in the category of the Epithelial cells

Tissues

Most multicellular critters organize cells into tissues. (Made of cells and ECM - Usually made from one or two prominent cell types and support cells - Cells are mostly similar in look and function)

Negative

Mechanisms that promote homeostasis often employ (A. negative or B. Positive) feedback loops.

Epithelium

One would expect to find _______ tissue at a barrier or an interface.

Smooth

Smooth muscle tissue is composed of _______ myocytes.

False

(True or False) All poikilotherms are ectotherms, but all ectotherms are not poikilotherms.

Cells

Tissues are composed of _____ and extracellular matrix (ECM).

Bulk Feeders

Pythons, humans, cows - Eat chunks of meat or vegetation

Essential amino acids

Of the 20 amino acids that humans (and other animals) need to make proteins , we can make about half of them from scratch. - A diet that lacks essential amino acids will result in a protein deficiency - the most common type of malnutrition - Eight amino acids are referred to as essential- (Methionine (NP), Valine (NP), Threonine (P), Phenylalanine (NP), Leucine (NP), Isoleucine (NP), Tryptophan (NP), Lycine (Basic) )

Essential fatty acids

Two main EFAs (alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, and linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid) - Deficiency is rare (Can happen as a consequence/complication of some diseases, such as DM) - The ratio of one to the other in the diet might be important (Historically ~2:1 -> Now ~15:1)

Essential Nutrient

When a required substance can't be manufactured by an organism - ______, such as vitamins, were discovered largely through deprivation experiments.-- (A deficit causes disease and death; does not address nutrients that make a subject "feel healthy" or perturb some biological process in one way or another.) - "Snake oil" and quackery vs. the unknown.

Fat soluble vitamins

Hydrophobic - Vitamin A (Retinol), Vitamin D, Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamin K (Phylloquinone).

Fluid Feeders

Hummingbirds, aphids, mosquitoes - Suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host

Folic acid

Vitamin B9, where do we get it (Green Veg, Oranges, Nuts, Legumes, Whole Grains) - Needed for (Coenzyme in AA and NA metabolism) - Extreme Excess symptoms - Deficiency symptoms (Anemia, birth defects).

Malnourishment

Eating the wrong mixture of food - ( Includes under- and overnourishment -Can include deficits in vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients - Can include excess vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients - Can lead to permanent damage, birth defects, death - Many causes)

Minerals

Inorganic nutrients - Many can produce illness by deficiency or excess -Seven are needed in amounts >200mg/day

Overnourishment

Eating too many calories - ( Results in "chronic metabolic diseases" (problematic term) —Obesity_Type 2 Diabetes_Fatty liver_Dyslipidemia_Cardiovascular disease

Substrate Feeders

Caterpillars, maggots - Live on or in their food source

Suspension Feeders

Clams, oysters, humpback whales - Sift or filter small morsels from the water.

Undernourishment

Eating too few calories - ( Body begins to systematically catabolize itself (break itself down for energy) -Can lead to permanent damage to organs, including brain, or death - Can result from dietary restrictions (many sources including cultural and allelic), complications to medical procedures, or disease)

Vitamins

Small molecules that serve a variety of functions

Vitamins A

Retinol - where do we get it (Orange Veg. and Dairy (About 1/12 of dietary β-carotene is converted)) - Needed for ( Vision, Epithelial tissues, Development and cell signaling (including lateral symmetry), Antioxidant ) - Extreme Excess symptoms (Headache, Vomiting, Hair loss, Blurred vision, Yellow Skin, Liver and bone damage) - Deficiency symptoms ( Blindness, Death)

Vitamins D

where do we get it (Dairy, and the sun if you can get it) - Needed for (Calcium and phosphorus absorption, Bone growth) - Extreme Excess symptoms (Brain, cardio, and kidney damage) - Deficiency symptoms (Rickets or soft bones)

Vitamins E

Tocopherol - where do we get it (Veg oils, seeds, nuts) - Needed for (Antioxidant, ?) - Extreme Excess symptoms (Fertility issues, Decreased Vitamin K uptake (and associated deprivation issues) ) - Deficiency symptoms ( Degeneration of the nervous system, Retinopathy)

Vitamins K

Phylloquinone -where do we get it (Green Veg, green tea, coliforms) - Needed for (Blood clotting) - Extreme Excess symptoms (Liver damage, Anemia) - Deficiency symptoms (Defective blood clotting).

Water soluble vitamins

Hydrophilic - Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Folic acid (B9), Vitamin (B12), Biotin, Vitamin C.

Thiamine (B1)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Pork, Legumes, Whole grains - has the Deficiency of Beriberi.

Riboflavin (B2)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Dairy, Meat, Grains, Veg - has the Deficiency of Skin Lesions.

Niacin (B3)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Nuts, Meat, Grains - has the Deficiency of Nervous disorders, Skin and GI lesions.

Pantothenic acid (B5)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Food - has the deficiency of Fatigue and Numbness.

Pyridoxine (B6)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Veg, Meat, Grains - has the deficiency of Twitching, Irritability, Convulsions, Anemia.

Folic acid (B9)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Green Veg, Oranges, Nuts, Legumes, Whole grains - has the deficiency of Anemia and Birth Defects.

Vitamin (B12)

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Meat, Eggs, Dairy - has the deficiency of Anemia, Nervous system disorders.

Biotin

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Meat, Veg, Legumes - has the deficiency of Neuromuscular disorders.

Vitamin C

Is a Water soluble - can get it from Fruits and Veg, Especially citrus and chili and bell peppers - has the deficiency of Scurvy.

Accessory glands

Glands and organs that support digestion through the secretion of substances, but are separate from the alimentary canal

Alimentary canal

The tract through which food and waste pass through to be ingested, digested, absorbed, and excreted

Amylase

Breaks down complex carbohydrates. - breaks down starch and glycogen into simpler sugars (disaccharides)

Bile

is stored in the gallbladder - ____ salts which emulsify fats (because of ionic and hydrophobic parts), allowing them to be absorbed

Brush border

a stria of microvilli on the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell (as in a kidney tubule) that is specialized for absorption

Digestion

The breaking down of food into molecules that can be absorbed. – the process of enzymatic hydrolysis enzymatically splits bonds in macromolecules molecules with the addition of water

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine. — It connects to the stomach.— It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. — It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

Epiglottis

(The Switch) – a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway.

Esophageal sphincter

At the opening of your upper esophagus, there's a ring-shaped muscle. Senses when food or liquid is coming toward it. When it gets the signal, it relaxes or opens so that food can enter your esophagus.

Esophagus

(Food pipe) – the part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.

Gallbladder

Bile is stored here – is a small, pouch-like organ in the upper right part of your tummy. It stores bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fatty foods.

Lacteal

Each villus contains a network of blood vessels and a small lymphatic vessel.

Large intestine

The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. — The purpose is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over. — four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Lipases

Break down lipids

Microvilli

Each epithelial cell in the villi has little surface appendages.

Nucleases

Break down polynucleotides.