A&P lecture after leukocytes

what is the only formed element with nuclei and organelles

leukocyte

leukocytes leave capillaries via

diapedesis

when WBC is high

leukocytosis

mnemonic to remember decreasing abundance in blood

never let monkeys eat bananas

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all what

granulocytes

hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins are called

defensins

the process of killing microbes in neutrophils is called

respiratory burst

granulocyte with two lobed nucleus

eosinophils

this granulocyte can contain histamine

basophil

what are lymphocytes and monocytes

agranulocytes

what type of lymphocyte act against virus infected cells

T cells

what type of lymphocyte give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

B cells

largest leukocyte is

monocyte

activated monocytes turn into

macrophages

overproduction of abnormal WBC can turn into infectious mononuclueosis and

leukemia

abnormally low WBC count is called

leukopenia

infectious mononucleosis is also called

kissing disease

An elevated neutrophil count would be indicative of

bacterial infection

Antihistamines counter the actions of which white blood cells?

basophils

Leukemia is a general descriptor for which of the following

disorders?

a) An abnormally low white blood cell count

b) Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes

c) Elevated counts of normal neutrophils

d) Overproduction of abnormal erythrocytes

b

what are fragments of larger megakaryocytes called

platelets

Platelet formation is regulated by

thrombopoietin

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding is called

hemostasis.

three steps of hemostasis are Vascular spasm, Platelet plug formation, and _______-

coagulation.

nitric oxide and _____ secreted by endothelial cells act to prevent platelet sticking

prostacyclins

what causes more platelets to stick and release their contents

ADP

what enhance vascular spasm and platelet

aggregation

serotonin and thromboxane

what reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads

Coagulation

there are two pathways to the prothrombin activator for coagulation

intrinsic and extrinsic

pathway where clotting factors are present within the blood

intrinsic

pathway where factors needed for clotting are located outside blood

extrinsic

extrinsic pathways are triggered by exposure to

tissue factor

prothrombin is converted to ________

thrombin

thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to

fibrin

what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

thrombin

Actin and myosin in platelets contract within

30-60 minutes

what is released by platelets that stimulate division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel walls

PDGF

Process whereby clots are removed after repair is completed

Fibrinolysis

what is the plasma protein that is trapped in clot, is converted to plasmin

plasminogen

Smooth endothelium of blood vessels, itric oxide and

prostacyclin, and ______prevents clotting

vitamin E

what is a clot in unbroken blood vessel called

thrombus

thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

embolus

embolus obstructing a vessel Example: pulmonary or cerebral

emboli

embolism

antiprostaglandin that inhibits

thromboxane A2; lowers heart attack incidence by 50%

aspirin

used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care as well as to prevent venous thrombosis

heparin

reduce risk of stroke in patients prone to atrial fibrillation in which blood pools in heart

warfarin

deficient number of circulating platelets

thrombocytopenia

A __________ is the progenitor of platelets

megakaryocyte

Why don’t platelets form plugs in undamaged vessels?

a) Platelets aren’t formed until vessel damage occurs.

b) Only contact of platelets with exposed collagen fibers

and von Willebrand factor causes them to be sticky and

form plugs.

c) Plugs do form, but are removed by macrophages.

d) Platelets don’t form plugs; it is the megakaryocytes that

form the plugs

b

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation requires

exposure of the blood to __________.

a) collagen

b) tissue factor III

c) prothrombin activator

d) serotonin

b

Why doesn’t a clot fill the entire vasculature system once it

has started forming?

a) Rapid blood flow washes away and dilutes activated

clotting factors.

b) Thrombin is inactivated by antithrombin III if it enters the

general circulation.

c) Both a and b occur.

d) Neither a nor b occurs.

c

An injectable heparin medication might be prescribed for a

patient who:

a) is at risk for embolism.

b) has thrombocytopenia.

c) is a hemophiliac.

d) has a deficiency in a clotting factor.

a

type of transfusions when blood loss is rapid and substantial

whole blood

RBC antigens are referred to as

agglutinogens

Hemolytic disease of newborn that only occurs in Rh–

mom with Rh+ fetus is called

erythroblastosis fetalis

Which agglutinins are naturally present in someone who is B+?

a) Anti-A

b) Anti-B

c) Anti-A + Anti-Rh

d) Anti-B + Anti-Rh

Which agglutinins are naturally present in someone who is B+?

a) Anti-A

b) Anti-B

c) Anti-A + Anti-Rh

d) Anti-B + Anti-Rh

pathway that is triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen,or even glass of a test tube

intrinsic

Is intrinsic or extrinsic the faster pathway

extrinsic

what activates ctivates factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor)

thrombin

what is the fibrin-digesting enzyme called

plasmin