L64: disorders of oral cavity

what causes dysfunction to injury of the oral cavity?

1. caustic substances (chemical erosions or ulcers)

2. antibiotic use

3. high blood glucose

how does high blood glucose cause dysfunction of oral cavity?

allows for colonization by sugar-loving pathogens

while rare, what can cause oral infections

protective mechanisms of oral cavity and the epithelial barrier has been compromised

what can mechanical penetration of oral mucosa lead allow for?

allows pathogens opportunity to enter vascular channels or drain lymphatic vessels

what is needed for organisms to multiply in the oral cavity?

1. epithelial surfaces

2. lymphoid tissues

what does small lacerations in the oral mucosa allow for?

introduction of bacteria that can cause specific systemic diseases

what are the defense mechanisms of the oral cavity?

1. stratified epithelial surface

2. taste buds

3. microbiota

4. saliva

how is the stratified epithelial surface a defense mechanism?

resistant to trauma and some irritants

how are taste buds a defense mechanism?

reject potentially toxic materials based on taste and tongue feel

how does microbiota act as a defense mechanism?

occupy attachment sites that would otherwise be available to pathogens

how does saliva act as a defense mechanism?

1. provide flushing action

2. forms a protective coating of mucosa

3. contain antimicrobial lysozyme

4. eliminates neutrophils at end of their lifespan

what happens if saliva does not eliminate neutrophils at the end of their lifespan?

stomatitis

what are the general categories of lesions?

1. developmental anomalies

2. degeneration

3. necrosis

4. disturbance of growth

5. disturbance of circulation

6. inflammation

7. neoplasia

8. immune-mediated disease

9. trauma

10. pathological pigmentation

what is this image showing?

inflammation

what is this image showing?

hyperplasia

what is another name for palatoschisis?

cleft palate

what is palatoschisis?

Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes of the maxilla

what are the causes of cleft palate?

1. genetic/hereditary

2. toxic

3. teratogenic defect

what are the consequences of cleft palate?

1. failure to suckle and starvation

2. aspiration pneumonia

what drug can lead to cleft palate in kittens when given to the mom during pregnancy?

griseofulvine

what does this image show?

palatoschisis

what is another name for cheiloschisis?

cleft lip

cleft lip

incomplete fusion of the frontonasal process with the maxillary processes

where do rabbits typically get cleft lip and what do we call it?

split upper lip; “hare lip”

what are the consequences of congenital anomalies of the oral cavity?

1. difficulty sucking, prehension, and mastication of food = starvation

2. aspiration pneumonia

3. malposition of teeth

what are the morphological types of stomatitides?

1. stomatitis

2. gingivitis

3. vesicular

4. erosive and ulcerative

5. necrotizing

6. eosinophilic

7. lymphoplasmacytic

8. chronic ulcerative paradental

what mucous membranes can get inflammed in the mouth?

1. oral cavity

2. gingiva

what is the effect of having inflammation of mucous membranes?

loss of mucosa leading to erosions, ulcerations, and necrosis

macules

lesion that appears as flat patch of discoloration

papule

solid raised lesion

vesicles

pus or fluid filled raised lesion

what are the causes of inflammation of the oral cavity?

1. infectious agents

2. chemical injury

3. trauma

4. intoxicants

5. autoimmune disease

6. systemic disease

how can inflammation appear clinically?

1. anorexia due to pain when chewing

2. hypersalivation

what is gingivitis the first and most consistent sign of?

FIV infection

what are the types of stoamtititis?

1. catarrhal

2. vesicular

3. erosive and ulcerative

4. proliferative

5. pseudomembranous

6. necrotizing

what are the causes of vesicular stomatitis?

1. thermic and chemical agents

2. autoimmune disease

3. developmental defects

4. infectious agents

what are the specific infectious causes of vesicular stomatitis?

1. VS

2. FMD

3. SVD

4. feline calicivirus

what are the secondary lesions that occur from vesicular stomatitis?

1. erosions

2. ulcers

3. abscesses formation on the buccal mucosa

what is the image showing?

vesicle

what is the image showing?

ulcer

what is the image showing?

erosion

what are the arrows pointing to?

ulcer

what are the causes for erosive and ulcerative stomatitis?

1. viral

2. uremia

3. indolent ulcer in cats

4. vesicular disease

5. trauma from sharp teeth

6. chemicals

what are the sites of indolent ulcers in cats?

commissure of the upper lip, gingiva, tongue, palate, or regional lymph nodes

what viral infections lead to ulcerative stomatitis in cats?

1. calicivirus

2. FLV

3. FIV

what is the image showing?

ulcerative stomatitis

CUPS

chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis

which breeds are susceptible to CUPS?

1. maltese dogs

2. cavalier king charles spaniels

what are the causes of CUPS?

1. “kissing ulcers” to dental plaque

2. immune system overreacting to chronic exposure to bacteria in plaque

what are the clinical signs of CUPS?

1. inappetence and anorexia due to pain

2. drooling

3. halitosis

4. smelly odor coming from mouth

what may occur if CUPS is left untreated?

bone resorption

what are lymphocytic-plasmacytic lesions in CUPS suggestive of?

suggestive of inflammation rather than infection

what is this image showing?

CUPS

what is this image showing?

canine oral papillomatosis

what occurs after erosive and ulcerative stomatitis?

bacterial infection leading to oral necrobacillosis

how will proliferative stomatitis appear?

pustules and papules

where will papules from bovine papular stomatitis appear?

1. nares

2. muzzle

3. oral cavity

4. esophagus

5. rumen

what is the image showing?

coagulative necrosis

what is another name for noma?

trench mouth

how will coagulative necrosis appear?

Dry yellow friable masses, foul

odor

what is the image showing?

calf diphtheria

Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in

cats

infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells

in the lamina propria leading to hyperplasia and ulceration

what is the image showing?

Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in

cats

what is gingival hyperplasia secondary to?

chronic inflammation/periodontitis

gingival hyperplasia

hard, non-neoplastic focal or diffuse

thickened gingival composed of reactionary

proliferated fibrous connective tissue

what is gingival hyperplasia most common in?

1. brachycephalic breeds

2. boxers more than 5

3. sometimes horses

what is the image showing?

gingival hyperplasia

epulis

tumor-like mass(es) on the gingiva

what is the image showing

epulis

what is the name for epulis?

peripheral odontogenic fibroma

what is the most common oral neoplasm seen in aged cats?

squamous cell carcinoma

what is the image showing?

squamous cell carcinoma

how will squamous cell carcinoma lesions appear?

small, granular to large, ulcerated cauliflower-like masses

where will cats get squamous cell carcinomas?

tongue and gingiva

where will dogs get squamous cell carcinomas?

tonsil and gingiva

what is the most common oral tumor in dogs?

melanoma

what are the sites for melanoma of the oral cavity?

1. palate

2. tonsillar area

3. teeth alveoli

what is the image showing?

melanoma

how will melanomas appear?

black or brown firm dome shaped mass

what species will get papillomas?

young dogs and cattle

what are the sites for papillomas?

1. lips

2. cheeks

3. tongue

4. palate

5. larynx

6. esophagus

are papillomas benign or malignant?

benign

papilloma virus infection

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in

keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

what is the image showing?

papilloma

papillomas will have spontaneous regression within what time?

1-3 months with long lasting immunity

in which species are fibrosarcomas most common?

cats

what is the image showing?

fibrosacroma

what are the sites for fibrosarcoma?

1. maxilla

2. gums

3. lips (dogs)

how do fibrosarcomas appear?

solitary, firm, red, fleshy mass

where do osteogenic sarcomas originate from?

the alveolar processes of the

mandible and maxilla

MCQ: A 3-year-old domestic shorthair cat presents with red, inflamed gums, fetid breath, and decreased appetite. Histological examination reveals hyperplasia and ulceration of the oral mucosa with infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria. What is the most likely diagnosis?

lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis

MCQ: A young dog presents with multiple white, friable, cauliflower-like masses on the lips, cheeks, and tongue. Histopathological examination reveals intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in keratinocytes of the stratum spinosoum. What is the most likely diagnosis?

papilloma

what do nerve endings of the tongue provide data about?

digestibility of ingesta

Epitheliotropic viruses

 Replicate in the epithelium of the oral cavity & tongue

what bacteria causes wooden tongue in cattle?

actinobacillus lignieresii

wooden tongue in cattle

a stiff, fibrotic swelling that prevents function of the tongue

what is the defense mechanism of the tongue?

Thick, nonabsorptive, nonkeratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium

what bacteria causes thrush in the tongue?

Candida albicans

what is the image showing?

thrush

what can cause  glossitis?

1. antibiotic therapy

2. incrased serum glucose concentrations

3. immunodeficiency