BIOL198 Final

Radial Symmetry

circularly organized, two similar halves no matter how it is cut vertically

Bilateral Symmetry

organized with left and right halves, only one cut directly down the middle yields 2 equal halves

Ectoderm

Skin and nervous system

Mesoderm

muscle and bones

endoderm

intestines and internal organs

coelom

fluid-filled space between the endoderm and ectoderm completely lined with mesoderm.

Pseudocoelom

fluid-filled space between the endoderm and ectoderm but mesoderm only lines the ectoderm side, does not cover the organs

Segmentation

body divided into repeating unit. Independent movement of body parts and specialized body parts

Cephalization

development of a structure on one end of the body that has specialized feeding and sensory structure

epithelial cells

protection, secretion, and absorption

Muscle Cells

Contraction

Nervous Cells

send chemo-electri signals throughout the body

Connective

protection and support

Homeostasis

maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions

Positive Feedback

Direction of stimulus remains the same

Negative Feedback

Direction of the stimulus reversed

aerobic respiration

requires proteins, carbs, lipids, and oxygen. Produces CO2 and water. Acquired through consumption

Incomplete Digestive system

one opening

Complete Digestive System

two openings

Oral Cavity

food enters the digestive system, beginning of digestion

Esophagus

connects mouth to stomach

Stomach

secretes digestive enzymes and acids, protein digestion

Small Intestine

Digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed. Absorption of nutrients into the epithelial cells

Large Intestine

Reabsorbs water from undigested food and processes the waste

Accessroy Organs

add secretionserg

Open Circulatory System

blood is pushed through the body by the heart. Assisted by the contraction of muscles

Closed Circulatory System

Blood is contained in a network of vessels

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood from the extremities to the heart

Capillaries

Site for exchange of nutrients, waste, and oxygen with the surrounding cells

Travel of Unoxygenated Blood

To heart through vena cava. enters right atrium. enters right ventricle. pumped to lungs via pulmonary vein. Gas diffusion within lungs

Travel of Oxygenated Blood

Blood leaves lungs via pulmonary artery. Enters the left atrium. Enters the left ventricle. Pumped out to body via aorta

Erythrocytes

Rdc. Transport oxygen and are generated by stem cells in the bone marrow

Leukocytes

wbc. Involved in the immune response to identify and target pathogens

Thrombocytes

Platelets. Blood clotting to heal wounds and prevent excess blood loss

central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal column

Sensory neurons

respond to interna/external information- PNS

Motor neuron

Carry impulses away from the CNS- PNS

Interneuron

filter and process incoming info and formulate a response- CNS

Cell Body

nucleus and other cellular components

Dendrites

connect with other nerves and transmit a signal to the cell body

Axon

tube like structure with branches at the ends that connect with other cells via synapse

Resting Potential

Electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell that is based on uneven distribution of ions across the membrane. Resting potential channel is closed. Inside is more negative

LH

works with FSH to ensure proper function of the gonads

Oxytocin

Functions during childbirth and lactation formation of social bonds

ADH

affects water balance through kidneys

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

Prepare the body for fight/flight

Testosterone

Male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production

Estrogen

Female 2nd sexual characteristics and egg production

Progesterone

helps regulate menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy

Insulin

reduces blood glucose

Glucagon

increase blood glucose levels