ANTI-INFECTIVES

increases; increases; 8 carbons

Alcohols: Antibacterial potency [_______] when molecular weight/carbon [_______] to count up to a strict limit of [_______]

decreases

Alcohols: Increasing structural branching [_______] antibacterial potency

primary

Alcohols: The specific substitution type that exhibits the highest level of antibacterial activity is [_______] alcohols.

95% v/v

Alcohol (Ethanol), USP conc.

99% v/v

Dehydrated alcohol (Absolute alcohol) conc.

70% v/v

Rubbing alcohol conc.

70% v/v

Isopropyl rubbing alcohol conc.

1. methanol (wood alcohol)

2. benzene

Completely denatured alcohol is unsuitable for internal or external use because it contains: [_______] and [______]

para

Phenols: For maximum antibacterial potency, an alkyl, aryl, or halogen substituent is best placed at the [_______] position

decreases

Phenols: Increasing the branching of an alkyl chain substituent [_______] its antibacterial potency.

thymol

Phenols: A specific phenolic derivative widely noted for its clinical use as a fungicidal agent.

eugenol

Phenols: A phenolic compound used commonly in dentistry as a dental analgesic

resorcinol

Phenols: A phenolic derivative clinically utilized for its keratolytic properties to break down hardened skin.

alkylation

Germicides: Ethylene oxide, Formaldehyde, and Glutaraldehyde all share a common primary MOA involving the [_______] of functional groups.

ethylene oxide

Germicides: Toxic, carcinogenic gas used to sterilize temperature-sensitive materials that cannot be autoclaved.

37%

Germicides: The approximate official concentration of formaldehyde gas by weight in Formalin.

Anaerobes

Oxidizing Agents: Hydrogen peroxide liberates nascent oxygen, making it highly effective against [_______].

Iodination

Iodine: Mechanism used to denature aromatic amino acid residues like tyrosine (tyr) and phenylalanine (phe).

Oxidation

Iodine: Mechanism used to target and denature thiol residues like cysteine (cys).

Iodine solution

Iodine: Composed of 2% I2 in water solubilized with NaI

Strong iodine solution, Lugol’s solution

Iodine: composed of 5% I2 in water solubilized with KI

Iodine tincture

Iodine: Composed of 2% I2 in a 50% alcohol vehicle solubilized with NaI

Strong Iodine tincture

Iodine: Composed of ~7% I2 in an 85% alcohol vehicle solubilized with KI

Povidone-iodine

Iodine: A non-ionic complex composed of 9–12% I2 bound to the polymer Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

Quaternary ammonium

Surfactants: The polar, cationic head composition required to serve as the positive part of the amphipathic molecule.

Cell lysis

Surfactants: The primary mechanism of action resulting from the disruption of microbial cell membranes.

Methylbenzethonium Cl

Surfactants: Brand name Diaperene, used clinically to treat diaper rash caused by Candida albicans.

Cetylpyridinium Cl

Surfactants: Brand name Difflam, used compositionally in throat lozenges and mouthwash.

Chlorhexidine gluconate

Surfactants: A biguanide composition (Orahex, GynePro) used for irrigation and mouthwash.

Gentian Violet

Dyes: Composed of hexamethyl-p-rosaniline Cl; used as vaginal suppositories for yeast infections and orally for pinworms/threadworms

Basic fuchsin

Dyes: used for ringworm and athlete’s foot.

Basic fuchsin

Dyes: a key component of Castellani’s paint

Methylene blue

Dyes: treatment for cyanide poisoning

Cystitis & urethritis

Dyes: Aside from poisonings, Methylene blue is used locally/systemically to treat [] and [].

Mercurials

Denaturation by targeting thiol groups

BAL / Dimercaprol

Mercurials: The primary systemic antidote composition used to treat mercury toxicity

Calomel

Mercurials: The trivial/common name for the inorganic composition Mercurous chloride

Corrosive sublimate

Mercurials: The trivial/common name for the inorganic composition Mercuric chloride

White precipitate

Mercurials: The trivial/common name for the inorganic composition Ammoniated mercury.

Methylparaben

Preservatives: specific paraben ester that is structurally optimized to target molds

Propylparaben

Preservatives: p-hydroxybenzoic acid that is specifically effective against yeast.

Butylparaben

Preservatives: The butyl ester derivative noted toxicologically as an endocrine disruptor.

Benzyl alcohol

Preservatives: used compositionally in bacteriostatic water for injection.

Benzoic acid

Preservatives: Effective in acidic pH conditions; commonly utilized as a preservative for juices.