Nutritional Biochemistry and Clinical Dietetics Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards based on a Nutritional Biochemistry and Clinical Dietetics mock board exam transcript, covering hormones, metabolic pathways, disease conditions, and dietary management.

B-hydroxybutyric acid and Acetoacetic acid

Two ketone bodies that serve as sources of energy during starvation.

Leptin

A hormone that diminishes appetite and increases energy expenditure.

Neuropeptide Y

A hormone that increases appetite and decreases energy expenditure.

Deamination

The process by which amino acids are converted into ketoacids in the kidneys and liver before being used for energy.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that allows the brain and erythrocytes to utilize glucose even in states of low concentrations.

NAD+ and FAD

Coenzymes containing Niacin and Riboflavin, respectively.

Substrate level phosphorylation

The process by which phosphoglycerate kinase produces ATP in carbohydrate metabolism.

Vitamin D Synthesis

The process where sunlight triggers the synthesis of Vitamin D from cholesterol in the human skin.

Significant weight loss

Defined as $>5\%$ over $1$ month or $>7.5\%$ over $3$ months.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A neurological condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1.

Chromium

A mineral that potentiates the action of insulin, allowing glucose entry into cells and facilitating insulin binding to cell surfaces.

Aldosterone

A hormone that stimulates sodium retention.

Vasopressin

A hormone that stimulates water retention.

Indoles

Phytochemicals found in broccoli and cruciferous vegetables that trigger enzyme production to block DNA damage and may inhibit estrogen action.

Phytic acid

Phytochemicals in whole grains that bind to minerals and prevent free radical formation.

DHA and EPA

Polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oils that decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Dumping syndrome

A common side effect of gastric resection or gastric bypass surgery.

Flavonoids

Phytochemicals found in berries, black tea, and citrus fruits that act as antioxidants and scavenge carcinogens.

Galactosemia

A metabolic disorder caused by the absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, leading to a failure to metabolize galactose into glucose.

Probiotics

Products containing live microorganisms that alter intestinal microflora to promote microbial balance.

Ceruloplasmin

A copper-containing protein whose lack prevents the release of iron in copper-deficiency anemia.

Wilson’s disease

A genetic disorder involving the inability of the body to metabolize copper.

Hemochromatosis

A disorder characterized by abnormal iron metabolism.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A progressive nervous system disease also known as Lou Gehrig disease.

Ascites

The accumulation of fluids within the abdominal cavity.

Marasmus

A protein-energy malnutrition most common in children aged $6-18$ months, characterized by little to no fat under the skin and low disease resistance.

Osmolality of body fluids

$$290\,mOsm/kg$$

Micelle

A complex formed when bile salts combine with lipid material to facilitate digestion.

Zymogens

The inactive precursors of enzymes.

Azotemia

A condition detected by measuring elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels.

Prebiotics

Non-digestible food ingredients that encourage the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria.

Saturated fat

A type of fat where the fatty acid carbon chains are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) of Glucose

$$1$$

Average Respiratory Quotient (RQ) of a mixed diet

$$0.85$$

Emphysema

A lung condition characterized by the destruction of the walls separating the alveoli.

TLC diet

A diet defined by the restriction of cholesterol and saturated fats.