Lesson 3: Respiratory System & Special Senses

Olfactory

Smell

Gustatory

Taste

Optic

Eyes

Otic

Ears

Lacrimal

Tears

Bleph

Eyelids

Presby

Related to aging

Organs of the Respiratory System

• Nose

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial Tree

• Lungs

Nose

• Made of bones, cartilage, and skin

• Contains small hairs, cilia, to prevent particles from entering

Pharynx

• Back of throat

• Shared with the digestive system

• During respiration, air enter through the nose and mouth into the pharynx.

Larynx

• Produces voice (voice box)

• Epiglottis is located here

Epiglottis

Flap that diverts throat contents to the trachea or esophagus

Trachea

• Main airway that extends from larynx and branches into bronchi.

• Lined with cilia

• Windpipe

Lungs

• Contains bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels.

• Right lung is larger than left lung.

Pleura

Membrane that surrounds lungs.

Bronchi

Two large tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs

Alveoli

“Air sacs'“ where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

External Respiration

Exchange of oxygen within lungs.

Internal Respiration

Exchange of oxygen within hemoglobin of a RBC

Tidal Volume

Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation.

Residual Volume

Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation

Vital Capacity

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible

Total Lung Capacity

The total amount of air the lungs can hold.

Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)

• AKA Spirometry

• Measures lung functions

• Commonly used to diagnose asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Asthma

Inflammation in airways - wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest. Inhalers prescribed

Atelectasis

The collapse of part of all of a lung; caused by a blockage of the air passages. Caused by COPD, pleurisy, lung cancer.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of pluera.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi often due to infection.

Symptoms: Yellow-gray or green mucus, fever, coughing.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A group of kung disorders that limits airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli. Caused by smoking, and pollutants.

Emphysema

Damage to the alveoli from smoking. Most common type of COPD-associated with smoking.

Legionnaires Disease

From legionella bacteria found in contaminated water of air conditioning systems.

Influenza

A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu

Laryngitis

Acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia)

Pneumonia

Infection of the lower lung caused by bacteria, virus, or parasite.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid in the lungs

Pulmonary Embolism

A traveling clot that lodges in the blood vessel of the lungs.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Viral respiratory illness cause by coronoavirus

Tuberculosis

Lung infection caused by the bacterium Myobacterium tuberculosis. Often dormant for years.

Sclera

White portion of the eye

Pupil

Center opening of the eye

Cornea

Clear covering in the center of the eye

Iris

Colored portion of the eye

Retina

Captures vision input

Conjunctiva

Clear coating on the outside of the eye

Lens

Allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances.

• Changes shape and bends light to focus properly on the retina.

Accommodation

Ability of lens to change shape

Refraction

The bending of light that enters the eye to focus it on the retina; cornea preforms this function.

Astigmatism

Cornea or lens has abnormal shape

Myopia

Dysfunction of the lens. Nearsighted, cannot see far away.

Hyperopia

Dysfunction of the lens. Farsighted, cannot see close up.

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eylid.

Conjunctivitis

AKA Pink Eye, caused by allergies, bacterial infection, or viral infection.

Pinna/Auricle

Outer Ear structure

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

(Bones of the ear) Ossicles

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

Cochlea

Hearing receptor

Labyrinth

Inner Ear

Organ of Corti

Organ of hearing

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

Eardrum, sound waves cause it to vibrate.

Eustachian Tube

Connects throat to middle ear

Deafness (Hearing loss)

The loss of the ability to hear sounds at normal levels

Conductive Deafness

Blockage of sound waves

Sensorineural Deafness

Damage to auditory nerve.

Cerumen (earwax) Impaction

Build up of wax within external auditory canal with some degree of hearing loss due to blocked sound waves.

Ménière’s Disease

Inner ear problem, unknown cause. Starts in people between ages 30 and 50 years old. Dizziness, ringing in the sear, and sensitivity to loud sounds.

Otosclerosis

• Immobilization of the stapes due to scaring; common cause of conductive hearing loss.

• Hardening of the middle ear bone.

Presbycusis

Hearing loss due to aging process

Otitis Externa

Outer ear infection (swimmers ear)

Otitis Media

Middle ear infection, usually requires antibiotics

Otitis Interna

Inner ear infection

Tinnitus

Ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears