chemical bonding 2026

Intramolecular bond

Bond which occurred between atoms within molecules

Covalent bond

Sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two non-metal atoms

Ionic bonding

Transfer of electrons to form cations and anions which are electrostatically attracted in an ionic crystal lattice

Metal and non-metal atom

Metallic bonding

Being between a positive kernel and a sea of delocalised electrons

Two metal atoms

Types of chemical bonds (3)

1. Covalent bond

2. Ionic bond

3. Metallic bond

Electronegativity

The measure of tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

Polar covalent bond

Different values of electronegativity

Non-polar

Same value of electronegativity and attractive forces

Molecular shapes (5)

1. Linear

2. Angular

3. Trigonal planar

4. Trigonal pyramidal

5. Tetrahedral

Linear (molecular shape)

Polar(symmetrical )or non polar

Angular (bent)

2 lone pairs, not symmetrical and polar

Trigonal planar

No lone pairs of electrons, symmetrical and nonpolar

Trigonal pyramidal

One lone pair of electrons, not symmetrical and polar

Tetrahedral

No lone pairs, symmetrical and non-polar except CH3X molecules

Network solids

Made up of atoms which are covalently bonded to one another in a continuous network

Ionic solids

Made up of cations and anions and are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Held in a fixed position and form an ionic lattice

Properties of ionic solids (5)

1. High melting and boiling points

2. Hard and brittle

3. Do not conduct electricity is solid state

4. Conducts electricity in molten or liquid phase

5. Melting and boiling points are determined by electrostatic forces if attraction between cations and anions in the lattice structure

Coulomb’s law

the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them