UNIT 1 & 2 NOTES

Columbian Exchange

The intense exchange of goods between the Americas and the Old World after the discovery of the Americas by Europeans.

Encomienda System

A Spanish system where conquerors were granted the right to extract labor from Indigenous people in exchange for their protection and care.

Triangular Trade

A specific trade route involving the exchange of raw materials, manufactured goods, and enslaved Africans between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

Coerced Labor

Labor that is obtained through force or threats, often seen in the context of slavery and the Encomienda system.

Atlantic Slavery

A system of slavery that treated enslaved individuals as property, particularly associated with the African Slave Trade.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey taken by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, characterized by overcrowded and unsanitary conditions.

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish missionary who advocated for the rights of Indigenous people and criticized the abuses of the Encomienda system.

Castas System

A hierarchical system established by the Spanish in the Americas to categorize people based on race and ethnicity for taxation purposes.

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the 18th century that emphasized emotional connection to God and led to increased religious participation.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, often in opposition to traditional religious beliefs.

Arminianism

A belief system that posits that anyone can achieve salvation by accepting God's doctrine, countering Calvinist predestination.

Pietism

A movement within Christianity that emphasizes personal faith and emotional connection to God, focusing on living a devout life.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival in the early to mid-1700s that emphasized emotion and spiritualism in preaching.

Second Great Awakening

A later religious revival that focused on social reforms and real-world efforts, such as education and philanthropy.

Enlightenment

A conflict between rational thought and emotional spirituality that shaped societal values in the 1700s and 1800s.