Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness

What is neuroplasticity?

The brain's ability to change and adapt by reorganizing itself after damage or through learning.

What do dendrites do in a neuron?

receive messages from other neurons.

What is the function of an axon?

sends messages away from the neuron.

What is the synaptic gap?

The space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

How do neurons communicate?

via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters that cross synaptic gaps.

What is an action potential?

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon to transmit a signal.

What is reuptake?

The process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neuron after transmitting a message.

In what context does reuptake occur?

In the context of synaptic transmission.

What role does dopamine play in the brain?

It influences movement, learning, and emotion, and is linked to Parkinson’s and schizophrenia.

How does serotonin affect the body?

It affects mood, hunger, and sleep, and is linked to depression.

What are endorphins?

Natural painkillers and mood enhancers.

What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

It connects the Central Nervous System to the body.

What does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) control?

It controls voluntary movements.

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulate?

It controls involuntary functions.

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System activate?

the 'fight or flight' response.

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

It calms the body after stress.

What does the endocrine system use to regulate body functions?

Hormones.

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

It is the 'master gland' that controls growth and other endocrine glands.

What do adrenal glands release during stress?

Adrenaline.

What is the function of the amygdala in the brain?

It is involved in emotion regulation, especially fear and aggression.

What does the hippocampus do?

It is critical for forming new memories and learning.

What is the thalamus known for?

It is the sensory relay center, except for smell.

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

Movement and balance.

What does the medulla control?

Heartbeat and breathing.

What is the role of the pons?

It coordinates movement and sleep.

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

Decreases focus, weakens the immune system, and increases stress.

What is Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Theory about dreams?

Dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, and conflicts.

What is the difference between manifest content and latent content?

One is what we remember, while the other is the hidden meaning of dreams.

What does the Information Processing Theory propose about dreams?

Dreams help process and store memories.

According to the Physiological Function Theory, what biological function do dreams serve?

Dreams preserve neural pathways.

What is Activation-Synthesis Theory?

It suggests the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity.

What does Cognitive Development Theory state about dreams?

Dreams reflect cognitive growth and development over time.