Organizational Behavior

What are values that describe a person's mode of conduct/character called?

Instrumental values

What are values that describe desired end-states or life goals called?

Terminal values

Which theory explains why Manager A, who does more work for the same pay as Manager B, starts job hunting?

Equity theory

What does equity theory say drives motivation?

Employees compare their outcome/input ratio to a referent other's ratio; perceived inequity creates tension that motivates corrective action.

Is 'inequity theory' a real named theory in Robbins & Judge?

No - it's a distractor; the real theory is called equity theory.

Which two factors of goal-setting theory are leveraged when a manager gives a specific numeric goal and a tracking sheet for progress?

Specificity and feedback

What are the core levers of goal-setting theory?

Specific goals, appropriately difficult goals, and feedback on progress.

What does expectancy theory say motivation depends on?

Effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-reward instrumentality, and the attractiveness (valence) of the reward.

What defines a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position?

Group role

What is a group norm?

A standard of behavior shared by the group as a whole.

Which type of group is defined by the organization's structure?

Formal group

How does an informal group differ from a formal group?

It forms naturally around social contact rather than being defined by the organization's structure.

Name 3 ways to INCREASE group cohesiveness.

Make the group smaller, physically isolate it, increase time spent together.

True or False: Decreasing the difficulty of joining a group increases cohesiveness.

False - increasing entry difficulty increases cohesiveness.

When is a cohesive group MORE productive?

When performance-related goals are high/aligned with organizational performance.

List the characteristics of an effective team (Robbins' model).

Adequate resources, effective leadership, climate of trust, reward systems tied to team performance.

True or False: Effective teams should have zero conflict.

False - effective teams should have a manageable/moderate level of conflict.

What reward system best fosters long-term team effectiveness?

A hybrid system that rewards BOTH individual and group performance.

What should a team leader do if a team can't agree on task responsibilities?

Coach the team through the difficulty.

What primarily differentiates virtual teams from face-to-face teams?

Virtual teams overcome time and space constraints but have reduced social cues.

Which leadership theory holds that leaders sort followers into an 'in-group' and 'out-group'?

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory.

How does a charismatic leader primarily increase performance?

By articulating an appealing vision.

What does path-goal theory say a leader should do?

Clarify the path to goals and remove obstacles.

What does situational leadership theory say?

Leader style should match the follower's readiness/maturity level.

What are the 4 'career functions' of mentoring?

Sponsorship, coaching, exposure, protection.

What are the 4 'psychosocial functions' of mentoring?

Counseling, friendship, acceptance, role modeling.

Which mentoring approach pairs a psychosocial function with a career function?

Counseling and sponsorship.

List Robbins' named conflict-resolution techniques.

Problem-solving, expansion of resources, avoidance, smoothing, compromise.

Is 'roughing' a real conflict-resolution technique in Robbins & Judge?

No - it's a made-up distractor term.

Which two legitimate techniques help control dysfunctional conflict?

Superordinate goals & altering structural variables.

What is the definition of organizational culture?

A shared system of meanings unique to the organization.

What is a key advantage of a strong organizational culture?

Low employee turnover.

When should a company use 360-degree performance evaluation?

When feedback from multiple sources is helpful.

Equity theory vs. Goal-setting theory vs. Expectancy theory - which is about SOCIAL COMPARISON?

Equity theory.

Equity theory vs. Goal-setting theory vs. Expectancy theory - which is about SPECIFIC, DIFFICULT goals?

Goal-setting theory.

LMX vs. Path-goal vs. Situational leadership - which is about IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS?

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory.

LMX vs. Path-goal vs. Situational leadership - which matches leader style to FOLLOWER READINESS?

Situational leadership theory.

LMX vs. Path-goal vs. Situational leadership - which helps CLEAR OBSTACLES to goals?

Path-goal theory.