PSM: Demography

Definition of demography

Scientific study of population focuses its attention on:

1. Population size,

2. composition and

3. distribution of population

5 demographic processes are

Fertility

Mortality

Marriage

Social mobility

Migration

Which are at work within a population that determine the size, composition and distribution.

Demographic cycle of 5 stages, mention and describe in brief

1. High stationary

   • High birth rate and death rate

   • India till 1920

2. Early expanding

   • Birth rate is unchanged but death rate starts to decline

   • South Asia, South Africa

3. Late expanding

   • Birth rate declining but death rate declines further

   • India now

4. Low stationary

   • Most industrialised country

   • Uk, Denmark, Sweden

5. Declining

   • Birth rate lower than death rate

   • Germany, Hungary

Demographic indicators are divided into:

1. Population statistics include indicators that measure the

   A. population size,

   B. sex ratio,

   C. density ratio and

   D. dependency ratio

2. Vital statistics include indicators such as

   A.birth rate,

   B. death rate,

   C. natural growth rate,

   D. life expectancy at birth,

   E. mortality and

   F. fertility rates

Family size vs complete family size

Family size- total number of children borne by a woman at a point of time

Complete family size- total no of children borne by woman during her reproductive age given by total fertility rate

Urbanisation- what is urban area (4 points)

Town,

Population >5000,

Density of not less than 1000 per square mile or 390 per square km,

At least 3/4th of male population employed in pursuits other than agriculture

Literacy rate- effective literacy rate and crude literacy rate formula

Indian government schemes for literacy

Sarva Shiksha abhiyan(2001)- all children of age group 6-14 must attend school and complete 8 years of education

National literacy mission

District primary education programme

Literacy rate of India

74.04%

Highest- Kerala- 93.9%

Lowest- Bihar

Male>female but the gap is decreasing

Life expectancy of India

67.5 years

Population pyramid-

1. Population pyramid is also known as

2. what is it

3. Types

4. what is the use

1. Age and sex pyramid

2. It is a dual histogram that shows distribution ages across population divided down in the centre between male and female with youngest at the bottom

3. Stationary, expansive, constrictive

4. Use- distribution age and sex in a population,

   difference between male and female population,

   See the number of dependent and

   general structure of population at a given time

Population pyramid of developing country

Broad base and narrow/tapering top- expansive pyramid

Utility of pyramid

Shape

• Upright triangle- expansive type (developing)

• Spindle shape- broad belly (high proportion of adult pop) and constrictive type

Height

• Tall- high life expectancy (in developed country)

• Short- low (in developing country)

Symmetry

• Symmetric- ideal sex ratio (developed country)

• Asymmetric- unfavorable sex ratio <1000 females for 1000 male population (in developing country)

Total dependency ratio in India

53 (100 working age persons support 153 people including themselves

Demographic time and demographic dividend

Period of time in which proportion of working group persons are prominent

And rise in economic growth due to rise in working age people in population

Sex ratio- definition and factors affecting it

Number of females for every 100 males

Factors- sex selective migration, sex discrimination, sex ratio at birth, mortality rate of male and female