CMGT chapter 10-13

What are decorative concrete masonry units intended for?

Exposed use in exterior and interior walls

How are textured concrete masonry units often created?

Designed by architects for specific buildings

What is the primary classification of stone based on how it was formed?

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

Which stone type was formerly either igneous or sedimentary rock and transformed by heat and pressure?

Metamorphic rock

What are the six groups of stone used in building construction, according to ASTM C119?

Granite, Limestone, Quartz-Based Stone, Slate, Marble, Other

What are the largest producer states of building stone in the United States?

Texas, Indiana, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Georgia

What is the most commonly used igneous rock for construction in North America?

Granite

Which type of stone is characterized by closely spaced planes of cleavage, making it suitable for paving stones and roof shingles?

Slate

What is the primary purpose of a reinforced brick masonry wall?

Increased strength and load-bearing capacity

Which type of masonry wall includes a hollow vertical space within the wall to intercept water penetration?

Cavity wall

What is the purpose of weep holes in a cavity wall?

To allow trapped water to drain to the exterior

How does cavity wall construction differ from composite wall construction?

Composite walls use different masonry materials in different parts.

In masonry terminology, what is a wythe?

A continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness

What is the purpose of dampproofing on a cavity wall?

To prevent water from penetrating the backup wythe.

How does a composite masonry wall differ from a cavity wall?

Composite walls combine different masonry materials

What is the primary purpose of masonry ties in cavity wall construction?

To connect the veneer to the backup wythes and provide lateral support.

What is the significance of beveling the bed joint in cavity wall construction?

It reduces the squeezing-out of mortar into the cavity.

How can the accumulation of mortar droppings in the cavity be prevented?

By beveling the bed joint.

What is the primary advantage of using reinforced brick masonry walls?

Increased strength and resistance to various loads.

Stone masonry is installed in which two ways?

Laid in mortar and mechanically attached.

What is the purpose of the steel shelf angle in masonry veneer cladding?

To support the brick veneer and create a starting point for installation.

Which of the following is NOT a type of movement joint used in masonry construction?

Reinforcement joint.

What role does the flashing above the shelf angle play in masonry cladding?

Capturing water and conducting it out of the wall.

Why are movement joints necessary in masonry construction?

To allow for expansion, contraction, and other movements without causing damage.

Which type of joint is intentionally created to accommodate shrinkage in masonry surfaces during initial curing?

Control joint

What is the purpose of an air and water-resistive barrier membrane in masonry cladding?

To prevent the passage of air and water into the wall.

How are movement joints typically closed in masonry walls?

With flexible sealants

In masonry construction, what is the term used to describe breaks in the material that can close or open to accommodate expansion and contraction?

Expansion Joints

What is the primary purpose of the steel subframe in stone cladding?

To support and secure the stone panels to the building.

What kind of wall construction uses stone veneer without reliance on a supporting backup wall?

Barrier wall construction and Steel truss construction.

Which type of movement joint is placed at junctions between masonry and other materials?

Isolation joint.

What material is often used for flexible, waterproof membranes in through-wall flashings?

Self-adhering bituminous or EPDM sheets.

What can happen if movement joints are not included in masonry walls?

Cracking and spalling can occur at points of stress, leading to damage.

Which material is NOT used for movement joints in masonry walls?

Reinforcement steel.

What is the primary function of the nonstructural backup wall in stone cladding?

To provide an air barrier, house insulation and wiring, and support interior finishes.

What is the purpose of angle bracing in stone cladding construction?

To provide lateral support for stone panels.

How are stone panels mounted on a steel subframe held securely in place?

By engaging horizontal metal clips with slots in the panel edges.

What is the role of control joints in masonry construction?

To accommodate shrinkage during curing.

What material is used to provide insulation with rigid foam boards in stone cladding?

Rigid foam boards.

What type of joint reinforcing must be interrupted at movement joints?

Reinforcement joints.

What are the two broad classifications of building joints mentioned in the text?

Movement and nonmovement.

Which type of joint is designed to adjust to expected motion without distress?

Movement joint and Structure/enclosure joint

What is the purpose of structure/enclosure joints?

To separate structural from nonstructural elements.

What are isolation joints used for?

Used to allow independent movement of materials.

Which type of joint is deliberately created to control cracking in brittle materials?

Control joint

What do expansion joints allow?

Expansion and contraction in adjacent areas

Building separation joints are classified into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and ___________.

seismic separation joints

What is the primary function of volume-change joints?

To relieve effects of temperature and moisture expansion.

Efflorescence is a fluffy crystalline powder that appears on the surface of masonry due to the presence of ___________.

excessive moisture

Which type of steel contains less than roughly 2 percent carbon?

Cast iron and Mild steel and Wrought iron

What role does carbon content play in the properties of ferrous metals?

It affects the hardness and brittleness of the metal and It enhances the malleability of the metal.

Which process converts iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace?

Smelting.

What is the primary purpose of the basic oxygen process in steelmaking?

To reduce excess carbon and impurities.

What is the preferred type of steel for standard wide-flange structural shapes with ductile behavior?

ASTM A992 steel.

When is weathering steel (ASTM A588) typically used?

When a tenacious oxide coating is desired.

How are open-web steel joists (OWSJ) commonly used in construction?

To support floor and roof decks.

What is the purpose of cold working (cold forming) steel members?

To gain strength through realignment of crystalline structure.

Hollow structural sections (HSSs) are often used for what type of loads?

For torsional stresses and buckling associated with compressive loads.

What type of steel shapes are identified by shape, nominal depth, and weight?

Beam, column, channel, and T shapes.

Which organization publishes tables of dimensions and properties for various steel shapes?

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).

How is metal decking typically fastened to supporting steel framing?

Welding, self-drilling screws, or power-driven pins.

What determines the spanning capability of metal decking?

Thickness of the sheet and depth of the corrugations.

What is the purpose of composite metal decking in construction?

To act as steel reinforcing for concrete topping.

Which type of connection was the predominant fastening technique in steel frame buildings for many decades?

Riveting.

What happens to a rivet as it cools after being inserted into holes in steel members?

It shrinks, clamping the joined pieces together.

What type of connection uses bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition to resist movement between the joined members?

Bearing-type connection.

In which type of connection are bolts preloaded to create friction between adjoining faces of steel members?

Slip-critical connection.

What is the purpose of backup bars in welded connections?

They prevent molten metal from flowing out of the groove.

Which organization's code governs structural welding practices and standards?

American Welding Society (AWS).

What method uses a feeler gauge or dye to verify bolt tension?

Indicator washers (direct tension indicator).

What type of fireproofing material is commonly referred to as spray-applied fireproofing?

Mixtures of cement or gypsum sprayed over steel.

What is the primary purpose of spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRM)?

Insulating steel from high temperatures.

In which type of construction are intumescent mastics and paints often used?

In situations with low-to-moderate fire risk.

What was the main drawback of early fireproofing methods, such as brick masonry encasements?

Excessive weight and high cost.

Which type of connection is capable of transmitting bending forces between a beam and a column?

Moment connection.

What material is commonly used for composite metal decking?

Steel.

What type of weld is used to join structural steel members as if they were a monolithic whole?

Welded connection.

What is the purpose of stiffener plates in welded moment connections?

To better distribute bending forces into the column.

What determines the size and length of each weld in structural steel connections?

The forces that must be transmitted between the members.

What type of deck is used without concrete topping and has closely spaced corrugations?

Roof deck.