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prehistory vs. history
history is written down
cuneiform
helped others understand their language
compressed writings into symbols (of thought)
written on stone tables
earliest known writing
Rosetta stone
the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs
used originally in ancient Egypt for religious texts
decree about the king
put in every temple of egypt
demotic, hieroglyphic, greek
Hammurabi
published a set of 282 laws on stone pillars called the Hammurabi Code
made to govern state
king of Babylonian empire
Nebuchadnezzar
ruthless king of babylon
achieved independence, restored old religious monuments, oversaw rebuilding
enlarged and beautified ziggurats to the gods
temple honoring Marduk (city’s chief god)
built hanging gardens for homesick wife
Abraham
covenant w/Israel
covenant w/Abraham saying he will be king
will have special relationship w Abraham and his descendants
god declared that Canaan would belong to the isrealites
canaan was the promised land
Neolithic revolution
Neolithic is new stone age
sedentary, big group
domestication of crops and animals
resulted in the birth of agriculture
became sophisticated societies with hierarchy
Name of rivers on Sumer, Egypt, and Indus
River valleys provided rich soil to help crops grow & transportation .
Egypt: Nile
Sumer: Tigris,Euphrotes
Indus:Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River.
Siddhartha Gautama
considered the Budda
found Buddhism
across Asia became the core beliefs of one of the world’s most influential religions
went out of palace and saw bad stuff and said bye to his family to discover no suffering
fasted and meditated under giant Bodhi tree until he became Enlightened
reincarnation
allows ppl to continue working toward moksha through diff lifetimes
believed in both hinduism and buddhism
confucius
born in 551 BC
belonged to a noble but poor family
A brilliant scholar
taught because he couldnt find a premanent govt position
after death his sayings turned into analects
took little interest in spiritual matters
Relationships were equal except for friendship
5 key relationships
Chinese rulers based their govt on Confucian ideas
filial piety
reinforced social hierachy
beliefs spread in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
filial piety
over all duties
bolstered traditions such as reverence for ancestors and the importance of family
5 key relationships
Ruler to subject
Parent to child
Husband to wife
Elder brother to younger brother
Friend to friend
Shi Huangdi
unified China
conquered warring states
downfall of Zhou dynasty happened
no feudal lords
Set up 36 military districts/ spies
Gathered nobles in one spot to keep watch of them while he let peasants spread
Still had to pay high taxes
Set up coins as common weight
Scholars created uniformity in Chinese writing
Canals and roads extended for transportation improvement
Limited cart sizes to be able to go on any road
Mandate of Heaven
divine right to rule
zhou dynasty
Gods passed Mandate of Heaven to Zhou bc he “treated the multitudes of the people well”
Chinese later expanded idea of the Mandate of Heaven to explain the dynastic cycle
If dynasty= good govt then it enjoyed the Mandate of Heaven
Zhou promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven to justify their rebellion against the Shang
dynastic cycle
the pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties in china
a big part of the mandate of heaven
8 civilization characteristics from Sumer, Egypt , Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt
Cities,Government,Religion,Job specialization,social classes,public works,arts & architecture,writing
What knowledge was built by each civilization from Mesopotamia that was shared and influenced our development?
• Sumer (Mesopotamia)— Language, govt,architecture
• Babylon (Mesopotamia)— Laws
• Hittites— Use of iron
• Assyria (Mesopotamia)— First written language
• Persia (Mesopotamia)— New roads
• Egypt— medicine, agriculture, literally everything this question is stupid
Phoenicians— Modern alphabet
How did the belief in immortality influence Egypt?
regarded death as a temporary interruption, rather than the end of life,so they paid respect & offering to gods to make their life go on
Who was King Tutankhamen & what was most
Important about the discovery of this tomb?
King Tut helped restore Egypt religion & art
Helped archaeologists understand mummification better & helped them learn about egypt better
How did Confucianism influence China
created a strict social hierarchy governing relationship
, especially the Civil Service exam?
ensure a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials
What were India’s achievements that influenced other civilizations? (Aryan, Maruya, Gupta)
Aryan: stem achievements,established caste system
Maurya: trade & economy
Gupta: decimal system of notation,stem achievements
What were the major achievements in the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties?
Shang-‐writing,government,bronze tech
Zhou-‐education,military tools
Qin-‐wall
Han-‐civil service exam
How did Hinduism shape Indian society, especially the caste system?
Made it impossible for people to get out of their role in the caste & made a strict social hierarchy
How did Confucianism influence China, especially the Civil Service exam?
ensured a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials
Herodotus
well know for historical accounts
Democracy
governing on the will of the people
Alexander of Macedon
conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of Asia
was a great ruler
Republic
form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body.
Plebeian
Free Rome ordinary working citizens
Pax Romana
Roman peace
200 year period golden age of arts, literature, and technology
Julius Caesar
He wielded his power to enlarge the senate, created needed government reforms
decreased Rome's debt
Augustus Caesar
conquered Gaul and extended Roman rule to the Atlantic Ocean
famous for battle tactics & is a military genius
Aqueduct/arch
channel for water
How did the geography of Greece influence its early development?
separated the people
(Greek is surrounded by the sea) made greeks seafarers
Significance of Greek-Persian Wars
Created the Athenian empire & made Greek culture spread more
Peloponnesian Wars
3 wars
Between Athens and Sparta
Athens surrender
spartan power was more powerful
sparta got help from Persia
end of the Golden Age of greece
caused the fall of athens and a change in warfare styles
Who were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle & how did they contribute to a culture of questioning & scientific inquiry?
socratic philosophers
building blocks of philosophy
What were some principles about government that came from early Greece?
tyranny
oligarchy
any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part and it was a duty to do so
Alexander of Macedon accomplishments
expanded territory and greek culture
Hellenism
greek and foreign cultures mixed
fusion with ancient Greek customs and history with the present
How did the Roman republic compare to the Greek democracy?
Rome ruled as a republic not a democracy
What were the Punic Wars and what were the results and the importance?
Fight between pubic empire & rome republic & then rome enslaved them & Took over them
Why did the Western Roman Empire fall?
invasion from barbarian tribes
Roman Empire accomplishments
Arc, art, govt, military
Justinian
Restored Roman’s empire
feudalism
loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords holdings among lesser lords
vassal
holder of land
Papal supremacy
pope rulers everybody
sacraments
religious ceremonies
Excommunication
exclusion from religious events
black death
1346
started from diseased rats and killed 30-40% of the people
charlemagne
united most of Europe under his rule by power of the sword to help restore the western roman empire
Pope Urban II
aimed to put the church back on them map
gathered people to fight by calling a meeting
convinced the ppl that they get a free ticket to heaven if they do fight
crusades
religious war between Muslims and Byzantine Empire fighting over and reclaiming the holy land
only successful in the 1st crusade
common law
based on court decisions rather than statues than laws
scholasticism
system of theology and philosophy
Vernacular
language/dialect spoken by ordinary people in a country or region
not written in latin
Explain why Europe was both night and day following the fall of the Western Roman empire.
Eastern = bright and successful like the byzantine empire
Western = night like the dark ages
How did the Conversion of Clovis (486) strengthen Christianity in Western Europe
By converting to Roman Catholicism, Clovis made this faith the favored religion of his kingdom
How did the Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (732) strengthen Christianity in Western Europe
preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires
How did the Reign of Charlemagne (768-814) strengthen Christianity in Western Europe
gave money and land to the Christian church and protected the popes.
How did papal supremacy and the role of the Catholic Church grow and decline during the Early and High Middle Ages?
catholicism is now the dominant religion
decline:
The French revolution put an end to papal power
people wanted more secular freedom (Great Schism)
Explain the system of feudalism and why it existed in Western Europe.
Feudalism: a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labor.
Why: made by govt to protect their subjects
How did monarchs like William of Normandy and Henry II strengthen their power? How was it limited by the Magna Carta?
William: made tax collection more efficient, and required first allegiance of all barons
Henry II: claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts
Limited: checks to restrain the kings whenever they failed to uphold the terms of the charter
What effects did the increase of trade have on society? (rise of merchants, charter towns, new business practices, preserved knowledge)
increase consumption of goods
religion spread
new middle class arised
what was the impact of the Black Death
⅓ died
people abandoned their homes
weird crow looking things cuz they put crops to their mouths
some didn’t care
went crazy and thought it was some kind of thing from God so they repented their sins by doing horrible things
Hundred Years’ War
Destroyed feudal nobility & brought social order
great schism
Expansion of christianity
Chinampas
floating island to grow crops
Quipu
collection of string to represent a writing system
Muhammad
Spread Islam and is God’s final prophet
5 pillars
Declaration of faith
Pray 5 times a day
Fasting
Charity to the more
pilgrimage to mecca
Mansa Musa
brought back muslim scholars and architecture
rich in gold
expanded Malis border
made education important
Akbar
created a strong central govt
stopped taxing muslims
modernized army
encouraged trade
Pax mongolica
means mongol peace
opened up trade between China and Europe
How does geography promote trade and spread ideas to multiple regions within the Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road trade networks?
Increase ports
allowed for more goods to be traded
trinkets of religion made
monsoon winds
astrolabe
Compare and contrast the political, economic, social/cultural, and religious categories with the Americas, Middle East, Africa, South & Southeast Asia, and East Asia.
America: mono,social hierarchy
Middle: religiously powered,diverse
African: influenced by europe, had a similar system federalism
South asia: heavy influenced by islam , loose gov
East: social hierarchy is different, 1 major religion
Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism
Compare the Old, Middle, New kingdoms of Egypt. (gonna have to search this one up)
Old:
pharoahs buried in pyramids
commissioned and controlled by the royalty and are uniform in appearance and style
Middle:
secretly buried cuz ppl kept stealing jewels and gold from them
New:
ppl buried in valley of kind
territory expanded south, west, and east
built temples and palaces
new heights of power and wealth