final exam awh

prehistory vs. history

history is written down

cuneiform

helped others understand their language

compressed writings into symbols (of thought)

written on stone tables

earliest known writing

Rosetta stone

the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs

used originally in ancient Egypt for religious texts

decree about the king

put in every temple of egypt

demotic, hieroglyphic, greek

Hammurabi

published a set of 282 laws on stone pillars called the Hammurabi Code

* made to govern state

king of Babylonian empire

Nebuchadnezzar

ruthless king of babylon

achieved independence, restored old religious monuments, oversaw rebuilding

enlarged and beautified ziggurats to the gods

* temple honoring Marduk (city’s chief god)

built hanging gardens for homesick wife

Abraham

covenant w/Israel

covenant w/Abraham saying he will be king

* will have special relationship w Abraham and his descendants
* god declared that Canaan would belong to the isrealites
* canaan was the promised land

Neolithic revolution

Neolithic is new stone age

sedentary, big group

domestication of crops and animals

resulted in the birth of agriculture

* became sophisticated societies with hierarchy

Name of rivers on Sumer, Egypt, and Indus

River valleys provided rich soil to help crops grow & transportation . 

Egypt: Nile 

Sumer: Tigris,Euphrotes 

Indus:Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River.

Siddhartha Gautama

considered the Budda

found Buddhism

across Asia became the core beliefs of one of the world’s most influential religions

* went out of palace and saw bad stuff and said bye to his family to discover no suffering
* fasted and meditated under giant Bodhi tree until he became Enlightened

reincarnation

allows ppl to continue working toward moksha through diff lifetimes

believed in both hinduism and buddhism

confucius

born in 551 BC

belonged to a noble but poor family

A brilliant scholar

taught because he couldnt find a premanent govt position

after death his sayings turned into analects

took little interest in spiritual matters

Relationships were equal except for friendship

* 5 key relationships

Chinese rulers based their govt on Confucian ideas

filial piety

reinforced social hierachy

beliefs spread in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

filial piety

over all duties

bolstered traditions such as reverence for ancestors and the importance of family

5 key relationships

* Ruler to subject
* Parent to child
* Husband to wife
* Elder brother to younger brother
* Friend to friend

Shi Huangdi

unified China

conquered warring states

* downfall of Zhou dynasty happened

no feudal lords

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Set up 36 military districts/ spies

Gathered nobles in one spot to keep watch of them while he let peasants spread

* Still had to pay high taxes

Set up coins as common weight

Scholars created uniformity in Chinese writing

Canals and roads extended for transportation improvement

* Limited cart sizes to be able to go on any road

Mandate of Heaven

divine right to rule

zhou dynasty

Gods passed Mandate of Heaven to Zhou bc he “treated the multitudes of the people well”

Chinese later expanded idea of the Mandate of Heaven to explain the dynastic cycle

If dynasty= good govt then it enjoyed the Mandate of Heaven

Zhou promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven to justify their rebellion against the Shang

dynastic cycle

the pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties in china

a big part of the mandate of heaven

8 civilization characteristics from Sumer, Egypt , Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt

 Cities,Government,Religion,Job specialization,social classes,public works,arts & architecture,writing

What knowledge was built by each civilization from Mesopotamia that was shared and influenced our development? 

•  Sumer (Mesopotamia)— Language, govt,architecture 

•  Babylon (Mesopotamia)— Laws

•  Hittites— Use of iron 

•  Assyria (Mesopotamia)— First written language 

•  Persia (Mesopotamia)— New roads 

•  Egypt— medicine, agriculture, literally everything this question is stupid 

* Phoenicians— Modern alphabet 

How did the belief in immortality influence Egypt?

regarded death as a temporary interruption, rather than the end of life,so they paid respect & offering to gods to make their life go on

Who was King Tutankhamen & what was most 

Important about the discovery of this tomb?

King Tut helped restore Egypt religion & art 

Helped archaeologists understand mummification better & helped them learn about egypt better

How did Confucianism influence China

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 created a strict social hierarchy governing relationship

, especially the Civil Service exam?

ensure a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials

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What were India’s achievements that influenced other civilizations? (Aryan, Maruya, Gupta)

Aryan: stem achievements,established caste system

Maurya: trade & economy 

Gupta: decimal system of notation,stem achievements 

What were the major achievements in the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties?

Shang-­‐writing,government,bronze tech

Zhou-­‐education,military tools 

Qin-­‐wall

Han-­‐civil service exam

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How did Hinduism shape Indian society, especially the caste system? 

Made it impossible for people to get out of their role in the caste & made a strict social hierarchy 

How did Confucianism influence China, especially the Civil Service exam?

ensured a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials

Herodotus

well know for historical accounts

Democracy

governing on the will of the people

Alexander of Macedon

conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of Asia

was a great ruler 

Republic

form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body.

Plebeian

Free Rome ordinary working citizens

Pax Romana

Roman peace

200 year period golden age of arts, literature, and technology

Julius Caesar

He wielded his power to enlarge the senate, created needed government reforms

decreased Rome's debt

Augustus Caesar

conquered Gaul and extended Roman rule to the Atlantic Ocean

famous for battle tactics & is a military genius 

Aqueduct/arch

channel for water

How did the geography of Greece influence its early development?

separated the people

(Greek is surrounded by the sea) made greeks seafarers

Significance of Greek-Persian Wars

Created the Athenian empire & made Greek culture spread more

Peloponnesian Wars

3 wars

Between Athens and Sparta

Athens surrender

* spartan power was more powerful
* sparta got help from Persia

end of the Golden Age of greece

caused the fall of athens and a change in warfare styles

Who were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle & how did they contribute to a culture of questioning & scientific inquiry?

socratic philosophers

building blocks of philosophy

What were some principles about government that came from early Greece?

tyranny

oligarchy

any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part and it was a duty to do so

Alexander of Macedon accomplishments

expanded territory and greek culture

Hellenism

greek and foreign cultures mixed

fusion with ancient Greek customs and history with the present

How did the Roman republic compare to the Greek democracy?

Rome ruled as a republic not a democracy

What were the Punic Wars and what were the results and the importance?

Fight between pubic empire & rome republic  & then rome enslaved them & Took over them

Why did the Western Roman Empire fall?

invasion from barbarian tribes

Roman Empire accomplishments

Arc, art, govt, military

Justinian

Restored Roman’s empire

feudalism

loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords holdings among lesser lords

vassal

holder of land

Papal supremacy

pope rulers everybody

sacraments

religious ceremonies

Excommunication

exclusion from religious events

black death

1346

started from diseased rats and killed 30-40% of the people

charlemagne

united most of Europe under his rule by power of the sword to help restore the western roman empire

Pope Urban II

aimed to put the church back on them map

gathered people to fight by calling a meeting

* convinced the ppl that they get a free ticket to heaven if they do fight

crusades

religious war between Muslims and Byzantine Empire fighting over and reclaiming the holy land

only successful in the 1st crusade

common law

based on court decisions rather than statues than laws

scholasticism

system of theology and philosophy

Vernacular

language/dialect spoken by ordinary people in a country or region

not written in latin

Explain why Europe was both night and day following the fall of the Western Roman empire.

Eastern = bright and successful like the byzantine empire

Western = night like the dark ages

How did the **Conversion of Clovis (486)** strengthen Christianity in Western Europe

By converting to Roman Catholicism, Clovis made this faith the favored religion of his kingdom

How did the **Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (732)** strengthen Christianity in Western Europe

preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires

How did the **Reign of Charlemagne (768-814)** strengthen Christianity in Western Europe

gave money and land to the Christian church and protected the popes.

How did papal supremacy and the role of the Catholic Church **grow and decline** during the Early and High Middle Ages?

catholicism is now the dominant religion

decline:

The French revolution put an end to papal power

people wanted more secular freedom (Great Schism)

Explain the system of feudalism and why it existed in Western Europe.

Feudalism: a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labor.

Why: made by govt to protect their subjects

How did monarchs like William of Normandy and Henry II strengthen their power?  How was it limited by the Magna Carta?

William: made tax collection more efficient, and required first allegiance of all barons

Henry II: claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts

Limited: checks to restrain the kings whenever they failed to uphold the terms of the charter

What effects did the increase of trade have on society? (rise of merchants, charter towns, new business practices, preserved knowledge)

increase consumption of goods

religion spread

new middle class arised

what was the impact of the Black Death

* ⅓ died
* people abandoned their homes
* weird crow looking things cuz they put crops to their mouths
* some didn’t care
* went crazy and thought it was some kind of thing from God so they repented their sins by doing horrible things

Hundred Years’ War

* Destroyed feudal nobility & brought social order 

great schism

* Expansion of christianity 

Chinampas

floating island to grow crops

Quipu

collection of string to represent a writing system

Muhammad

Spread Islam and is God’s final prophet

5 pillars

1. Declaration of faith
2. Pray 5 times a day
3. Fasting
4. Charity to the more
5. pilgrimage to mecca

Mansa Musa

brought back muslim scholars and architecture

rich in gold

expanded Malis border

made education important

Akbar

created a strong central govt

stopped taxing muslims

modernized army

encouraged trade

Pax mongolica

means mongol peace

opened up trade between China and Europe

How does geography promote trade and spread ideas to multiple regions within the Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road trade networks?

Increase ports

allowed for more goods to be traded

* trinkets of religion made

monsoon winds

astrolabe

Compare and contrast the political, economic, social/cultural, and religious categories with the Americas, Middle East, Africa, South & Southeast Asia, and East Asia.

America: mono,social hierarchy 

Middle: religiously powered,diverse

African: influenced by europe, had a similar system federalism  

South asia: heavy influenced by islam , loose gov 

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East: social hierarchy is different, 1 major religion

* Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism

Compare the Old, Middle, New kingdoms of Egypt. (gonna have to search this one up)

Old:

* pharoahs buried in pyramids
* commissioned and controlled by the royalty and are uniform in appearance and style

Middle:

* secretly buried cuz ppl kept stealing jewels and gold from them

New:

* ppl buried in valley of kind
* territory expanded south, west, and east
* built temples and palaces
* new heights of power and wealth