Digestive System – Chapter 24

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key anatomy, histology, physiology, and regulation concepts of the digestive system for Chapter 24 review.

Food entering the oral cavity is the first step called __.

Ingestion

Crushing and shearing of food combined with movement along the tract is __ digestion and propulsion.

Mechanical

The chemical breakdown of food into absorbable fragments is known as __ digestion.

Chemical

The release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts into the lumen is called __.

Secretion

Movement of nutrients, water, and ions from the lumen into interstitial fluid is __.

Absorption

The innermost layer of the digestive tract is the __.

Mucosa

Between mucosa and muscular layer lies the __.

Submucosa

The layer responsible for peristalsis is the __ layer.

Muscular

Outermost serous membrane covering much of the tract is the __.

Serosa

Regions subjected to abrasion (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal) are lined by __ epithelium.

Stratified squamous

Most of the stomach and intestines are lined by __ epithelium.

Simple columnar

Hormone-secreting cells scattered in the epithelium are called __ cells.

Enteroendocrine

Rhythmic waves of contraction that propel a bolus are known as __.

Peristalsis

In peristalsis, circular muscles __ the bolus while longitudinal muscles shorten the tube ahead.

Contract behind

The small dangling process that prevents premature entry of food into the pharynx is the __.

Uvula

Compression, manipulation, taste analysis, and secretion of mucins are functions of the __.

Tongue

The mineralized matrix of a tooth, similar to bone, is called __.

Dentin

The hardest substance covering the crown of a tooth is __.

Enamel

Blade-shaped teeth used for cutting are __.

Incisors

Conical teeth with a single pointed cusp used for tearing are __.

Canines (cuspids)

Flattened-crown teeth with two cusps used for crushing and grinding are __.

Premolars (bicuspids)

Adults normally have __ permanent teeth.

32

The parotid glands secrete a serous fluid rich in the enzyme __.

Salivary amylase

About 70 % of daily saliva comes from the __ glands.

Submandibular

Saliva keeps oral pH near __.

7.0

The act of swallowing is medically termed __.

Deglutition

Partially digested, acidic stomach contents are collectively called __.

Chyme

The stomach region closest to the esophagus is the __.

Cardia

Prominent temporary folds that allow stomach expansion are __.

Rugae

Cells that secrete intrinsic factor and HCl are __ cells.

Parietal

Pepsinogen-secreting cells in gastric glands are __ cells.

Chief

Gastrin is produced by __ cells of the pyloric glands.

G (enteroendocrine)

The pancreas releases alkaline juice through the __ duct.

Pancreatic

Inactive trypsinogen is converted to trypsin in the __.

Duodenum

Liver functions are grouped into metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and __ production.

Bile

Bile salts break large lipid droplets into smaller ones in a process called __.

Emulsification

The hormone that causes gallbladder contraction is __.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

The three segments of the small intestine are duodenum, __, and ileum.

Jejunum

Fingerlike projections that increase mucosal surface area are __.

Intestinal villi

A lymphatic vessel within each villus that carries chylomicrons is a __.

Lacteal

Secretin released by the duodenum increases __ secretion from the pancreas.

Buffer (bicarbonate)

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted when __ and carbohydrates enter the small intestine.

Fats

The large intestine begins with a pouchlike chamber called the __.

Cecum

Three longitudinal muscle bands on the colon are the __.

Teniae coli

Normal colonic bacteria synthesize vitamin K, biotin, and vitamin __.

B5 (pantothenic acid)

Water absorption and feces storage are primary functions of the __ intestine.

Large

A balanced diet must include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and __.

Water

The digestive tract acts as an endocrine organ because it produces various __.

Hormones