Bacterial/viral diseases

epidemiology final

What is epidemiology?

Study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations

What is biostatistics?

Use of statistics to analyze health

What is incidence?

Number of NEW cases in a population over a time period

What is prevalence?

Number of EXISTING cases in a population at a specific time

What is morbidity?

Illness or disease rate in a population

What is mortality?

Death rate in a population

What is a risk factor?

Characteristic that increases likelihood of disease

What is a protective factor?

Characteristic that decreases likelihood of disease

What is a rate?

Number of events per population over time

What is a ratio?

Comparison of two quantities

What is a proportion?

Part of a whole expressed as a fraction

What is an infectious disease?

Disease caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

How are infectious diseases transmitted?

Food, water, air, blood, bodily fluids

What is a communicable disease?

Disease passed person

How are bacteria different from viruses?

Bacteria are living cells that can reproduce alone; viruses need a host cell

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

No

Do antibiotics work on bacteria?

Yes

What is folliculitis?

Infection of a hair follicle with pus formation

What is a furuncle?

Deep pus

What is a carbuncle?

Cluster of connected furuncles

What is an abscess?

Localized collection of pus under the skin

Most common cause of furuncles?

Staphylococcus aureus

What is conjunctivitis?

Inflammation of eye lining causing redness and discharge

What causes allergic conjunctivitis? ⇢ Pollen, animal dander, topical meds

Difference between bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis?

Infection vs allergen

What is meningitis?

Inflammation of membranes of brain and spinal cord

What causes bacterial meningitis?

Bacterial infection of meninges

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed?

Spinal fluid analysis or blood cultures

Why is bacterial meningitis dangerous?

Life

What is bacterial endocarditis?

Infection of heart valves from bacteria entering bloodstream

Major risk factor for endocarditis?

IV drug use with unclean needles

What is an STI?

Infection transmitted by sexual contact

How many STI types exist?

Over 20 types

STI cases per year in the U.S.?

~19 million new cases

Which age group has the highest STI rates?

People under age 25

What is chlamydia?

Often asymptomatic bacterial STI affecting reproductive organs

What percentage of females with chlamydia are asymptomatic?

~70%

What is gonorrhea caused by?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What disease progresses in stages with chancre and rash?

Syphilis

What is chancroid?

Bacterial STI causing painful ulcers, more common in developing countries

What is an arthropod vector?

Insect that carries disease from host to host

Most common U.S. vector

borne disease? ⇢ Lyme disease

What causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

What is erythema migrans?

Bullseye rash of Lyme disease

Best way to prevent STIs?

Abstinence or monogamous relationship with uninfected partner

Do condoms fully prevent STIs?

No, they reduce risk but don’t fully prevent

Best personal hygiene prevention?

Proper handwashing