Cell Pathology, Inflammation, and Circulatory Disturbances

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering cellular adaptation, necrosis, repair, circulatory disturbances, and inflammation based on lecture notes.

Atrophy

The reduction in size or number of cells and tissues after they have reached their normal developmental size, including senile, systemic (malignant illness), disuse (polio), and endocrine (hypopituitarism) forms.

Tiger heart

A condition caused by chronic intoxication and hypoxic myocardial steatosis, characterized by a striped appearance.

Gangrene

A type of tissue necrosis involving an infection by spoilage (saprophytic) bacteria.

Coagulative necrosis

A form of necrosis where the histological characteristics show the remaining cell and tissue outline despite cell death, commonly seen in myocardial, renal, and splenic infarctions.

Liquefactive necrosis

A type of necrosis mainly seen in organs such as the brain, where the necrotic tissue transforms into a liquid mass.

Apoptosis

A form of programmed cell death related to gene regulation that can occur under physiological conditions, involving the death of single cells.

Organization

The pathological change where necrosis, an infarct, or a thrombus is replaced by granulation tissue.

Stable cells

Cells that normally have a low level of replication but can undergo rapid division in response to stimuli, such as renal tubular epithelial cells.

Granulation tissue

Highly vascularized tissue containing fibroblasts, new capillaries, and inflammatory cells; myofibroblasts within it provide contractile functions and produce extracellular matrix.

Keloids

An excessive hyperplasia of scar tissue that extends beyond the original wound boundaries.

Nutmeg liver

The macroscopic appearance of the liver during chronic hepatic congestion, characterized by dilation of hepatic sinusoids and hepatocyte atrophy or steatosis.

Heart failure cells

Macrophages containing high amounts of hemosiderin found within the alveoli in cases of pulmonary congestion.

White thrombus

A thrombus composed primarily of platelets and fibrin, typically found as verrucous vegetations in rheumatic endocarditis or the head of a propagating thrombus.

Mixed thrombus

A thrombus characterized by alternating layers of blood elements, commonly found as a mural thrombus in the heart or the body of a venous thrombus.

Hyaline thrombus

A type of thrombus formed by disseminated intravascular coagulation ($DIC$), often found in capillaries.

Anemia infarction

A type of pale infarct occurring in solid organs with limited collateral circulation, such as the kidneys, spleen, or heart.

Enterohaemorrhagic infarction

Intestinal necrosis caused by the compression of both mesenteric arteries and veins, often due to volvulus or intussusception.

Sepsis

A systemic condition where bacteria multiply in large numbers in the blood and produce toxins.

Pyemia

A form of sepsis where pyogenic bacteria and toxins in the bloodstream cause the formation of multiple metastatic abscesses in various organs.

Toxemia

A condition characterized by the entry of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream from a local site of infection.

Epithelioid cells

Modified macrophages derived from monocytes that resemble epithelial cells, typically found in granulomatous inflammation.

Langhans giant cells

Multinucleated giant cells formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells, appearing in tuberculous granulomas.

Caseous necrosis

A form of complete coagulative necrosis characteristic of tuberculosis, appearing as a pale yellow, soft, and cheese-like substance.

Sinus

A pathological blind duct or tract formed by deep tissue necrosis that opens through the skin.

Fistula

A pathological duct or passage formed between two cavitary organs or between a cavitary organ and the body surface.