Official Notes AP World History.docx

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and filial piety, revived by the Song Dynasty rulers.

Filial piety

The practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, a key aspect of Confucian teachings.

Neo-Confucianism

A blend of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas, influential during the Song Dynasty.

Imperial bureaucracy

A system in the Song Dynasty where positions were awarded based on merit through civil service exams to ensure obedience to the emperor.

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and devotion, available to all individuals.

Theravada Buddhism

The original form of Buddhism, restricted to monks and a select few individuals.

Tibetan Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism emphasizing mystical practices and elaborate rituals.

Eightfold Path

Principles and practices in Buddhism that followers must adhere to for moral living and meditation.

Widespread commercialization

The production and sale of goods on the world market in China during the Song Dynasty.

Champa rice

A high-yield crop introduced in China, leading to a population boom and increased agricultural output.

Abbasid Caliphate

An Arab dynasty during the Golden Age of Islam, succeeded by new Islamic empires made up of Turkic people.

Delhi Sultanate

A Turkic Muslim state established in South Asia, known for military expansion and implementing Sharia Law.

Hinduism

A dominant belief system in South Asia, characterized by polytheism and the caste system.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad, spread rapidly throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

Bhakti Movement

A Hindu movement encouraging worship of one god, rejecting hierarchy, and promoting spiritual experiences for all.

Sufism

A mystical and spiritual form of Islam emphasizing personal experiences and devotion.

Mississippian culture

A North American civilization known for extensive mound-building projects and hierarchical society.

Swahili Civilization

A collection of city-states on Africa's east coast, influenced by Islam and engaged in Indian Ocean trade.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in South Africa, enriched by controlling trade routes and known for its stone structures.

Kievan Rus

Adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity and borrowed from the Byzantine Empire's culture and organization.

Feudalism

A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights where land was exchanged for loyalty to maintain independence.

Manorialism

Peasants (serfs) bound to land and working in exchange for protection from the lord without being owned by them.

Silk Roads

A network of roads facilitating trade and cultural diffusion across Eurasia, mainly exchanging luxury items like Chinese silk.

Pax Mongolica

Period of peace and stability under Mongol rule, organizing the empire into khanates and adopting cultural norms of the ruled people.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

A sea route network connecting Afro-Eurasian states through trade, influenced by the spread of Islam and advancements in transportation.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Trade routes connecting North Africa with West Africa, facilitated by transportation technologies like camels and caravanserais.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of belief systems, literary, artistic, scientific, and technological transfers through trade networks, impacting societies and cultures.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar who traveled extensively, documenting cultures and rulers, showcasing the impact of trade routes on interregional travel.

Environmental Effects

Diffusion of crops, agricultural transfers, and diseases through trade networks, influencing diets, populations, and health across regions.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Russian empires that expanded using gunpowder weapons, leading to significant territorial growth.

Mughal Empire

Became the most prosperous empire of the 16th century due to tolerance of religious beliefs and masterful administration.

Qing Dynasty

Established after the decline of the Ming Dynasty, expanded borders with gunpowder, and rose to power in the 17th century.

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of enlisting high-trained enslaved individuals for bureaucratic roles.

Janissaries

Elite soldiers in the Ottoman army recruited through the Devshirme system.

Divine Right of Kings

European concept where kings ruled with the approval of God, opposing the king meant opposing God.

Caravel

Portuguese ship known for its nimbleness, navigability, and armed with cannons.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres post-Columbus' contact.

Cash Crops

Agricultural method where crops are grown for export, often worked by coerced laborers.

Maritime Empires

European empires focused on sea-based trade and control, motivated by gold, God, and glory.

Chattel Slavery

Labor system where individuals are owned as property, often race-based and hereditary.

Encomienda System

Spanish system forcing indigenous Americans to work for colonial authorities in exchange for food/protection, similar to Feudalism.

Hacienda System

Large agricultural estates owned by elite Spaniards where laborers were forced to work the fields, and crops were exported/sold.

Development of Slavery Continuity

African slave trade led to cultural assimilation, domestic work, and slaves holding power in military/political positions.

Development of Slavery Change

Shift to agricultural work, transatlantic trade expansion, and the rise of racial prejudice justifying brutality.

Economics of Empire Building

Mercantilism emphasizes mineral wealth buildup through favorable trade balance, while joint-stock companies are privately funded limited liability businesses.

Trade Networks Change

Atlantic system movement of goods, importance of sugar, and silver's role in satisfying Chinese demand and increasing profits.

Trade Networks Continuity

Afro-Eurasian markets thrived, Asian land routes intensified, and peasant and artisan labor increased production for distant markets.

Social Effects of African Slave Trade

Gender imbalance, changed family structures, cultural synthesis through Creole languages, and changing belief systems.

Challenges to State Power

Local resistances like Fronde in France, Queen Ana Nzing's resistance, and Pueblo Revolt in North America.

Resistance from the Enslaved

Maroon societies in the Caribbean/Brazil, Stono rebellion in British colonies, and changing social hierarchies.

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement applying rationalism and empiricism to understand the natural world and human relationships.

New Enlightenment Ideas

Individualism, natural rights, social contract, and the effects on major revolutions and nationalism.

Effects of Enlightenment Ideas

Expansion of suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom, and calls for women's suffrage.

Nationalism and Revolution

Causes including nationalism fostering unity, political dissent, and discontent with monarchist and imperial rule.

Popular Sovereignty

Concept where the power to govern resides in the hands of the people.

Democracy

System where individuals have the right to vote and influence government policies.

Liberalism

Ideology emphasizing civil rights protection, representative government, private property safeguarding, and economic freedom.

The Atlantic Revolutions

Series of revolutions including the American Revolution (1776), French Revolution (1789), and Haitian Revolution (1791).

Creole Revolution

Movement where creoles sought independence from colonial powers in Latin America.

Simon Bolivar

Leader who advocated for Latin American independence through enlightenment ideas.

Propaganda Movement

Movement in the Philippines against Spanish colonial control, influenced by European enlightenment ideas.

Industrial Revolution

Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, leading to societal reordering and increased wealth.

Factory System

Concentrated production in a single location powered by machinery.

Steam Engine

Invention converting fossil fuel into mechanical energy, revolutionizing industrial production.

Bessemer Process

Method making iron stronger and cheaper, crucial for building infrastructure.

Meiji Restoration

Japanese movement embracing Western technology and education to industrialize.

Transnational Corporations

Companies operating in multiple countries, shaping global economic practices.

Limited Liability

Business organization protecting owners' financial investments, allowing for risk-taking.

Rising Standard of Living

The improvement in access to goods and services enjoyed by people due to the rapid enrichment of industrialized societies, leading to the growth of the middle class.

Mechanized Farming

The use of abundant harvesters and advanced farming technology that increased food variety and abundance, contributing to longer lifespans.

Labor Union

A collective organization of workers formed to protect their interests, advocating for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.

Marxism

Ideological reaction to industrialization by Karl Marx, emphasizing the class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners of means of production) and the proletariat (working class), aiming to transform the capitalist system.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain due to the illegal opium trade, resulting in British victories and the imposition of unequal treaties on China.

Young Ottomans

A group seeking political change in the Ottoman Empire, advocating for a European-style parliament and constitutional government to limit the power of sultans.

Industrial Working Class

Urban workers who moved from rural areas seeking employment in factories, facing dangerous conditions, crowded living spaces, and health risks.

Scientific Racism

The hierarchical ranking of humans based on race, emphasizing the superiority of certain races over others, often used to justify colonialism and discrimination.

Berlin Conference

A meeting among European powers to divide Africa for colonization, leading to the Scramble for Africa and the imposition of colonial borders without African input.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where the imperial power sends its own people to inhabit already populated territories, such as British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.

Economic Imperialism

The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means, often for the benefit of the controlling state.

Commodity Trade

The buying and selling of goods on the market, such as cotton from India/Egypt and palm oil from sub-Saharan Africa.

Causes of Migration

Factors like environmental changes, technological advancements, and economic opportunities that lead people to relocate.

Effects of Economic Developments

Outcomes such as profits from exports being used to purchase manufactured goods and the growing economic dependence of colonial populations on imperial powers.

Total War

A conflict that involves the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, to fight, often resulting in civilians being targeted and propaganda being used extensively.

Nationalism

The glorification of one's state and the belief that other states are enemies, often leading to conflicts and the need for forceful solutions.

Treaty of Versailles

The agreement that marked the end of World War I, punishing Germany and contributing to economic crises like hyperinflation in Germany.

Kulaks

Peasant farmers who resisted collectivization in the Soviet Union, leading to millions being arrested, executed, or sent to labor camps.

Holodomor

Famine in Ukraine where millions starved to death due to agricultural production being exported to feed workers and not civilians.

New Deal

Policies introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, including infrastructure projects, retirement programs, and government medical insurance.

Mandate System

Territories in the Middle East administered by the League of Nations with three tiers based on population and development, leading to anti-colonial resistance.

Fascism

Political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and materialistic goals, exemplified by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany.

Blitzkrieg

Strategy used by Germany in WWII involving quick infantry movements and air assaults to eliminate enemies rapidly.

Cold War

State of hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States characterized by ideological struggle rather than open warfare, leading to economic and technological advancements.

Marshall Plan

U.S. 12 billion dollar aid to Europe to prevent communist revolutions and boost economies.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Organization by Soviets and satellite countries for trade agreements.

Space Race

Competition between U.S. and Soviets in aerospace developments and moon landing mission.

Mutual Assured Destruction

U.S. and Soviet Union's awareness of total destruction in a nuclear war.

Non-Aligned Movement

Third world countries staying apart from Cold War rivalry.

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blockade in Western Allied Berlin zones, leading to Berlin Airlift.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Western nations' treaty for mutual support against conflicts.

Proxy Wars

Wars during Cold War with smaller countries as stand-ins for U.S. and U.S.S.R.