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How many stages of human development are there?
8
What is the first stage of Human Development?
pre-natal period (in the womb)
What is the second stage of Human Development?
infancy (birth-2yrs)
What is the third stage of Human Development?
early childhood (3-5yrs)
What is the fourth stage of Human Development?
middle and late childhood (6-12yrs)
What is the fifth stage of Human Development?
adolescence (13-18yrs)
What is the sixth stage of Human Development?
early adulthood (19-29yrs)
What is the seventh stage of Human Development?
middle adulthood (30-60yrs)
What is the eighth stage of Human Development?
late adulthood (61+yrs)
How long does it take from conception to implantation (build a human)?
7-8 days
What is the basic building block of the brain and its systems?
neurons
What is the purpose/function of neurons?
transmits nerve impulses to and from brain
What happens to the brainstem development after 18 days of fertilization?
neural plate forms from embryonic tissues and becomes the neural tube at 21 days
Which stages of human development have the most rapid brain development?
conception to birth
During 9 months in utero, babies are without…
consciousness, knowledge, where they come from, emotions
From 1-5mths old after birth…
babies begin to gain consciousness and memory
What forms the strongest neural connections, twice that of an adult?
repeated stimuli
What is the earliest nervous system tissue?
neural tube, 21 days
What happens after 7 weeks of fertilization?
the brain structure starts to develop; neural tube thickens/enlarges into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
During the 6th week of pregnancy…
the first electrical brain activity begins to occur
DNA
blueprint contained on a 6’ long strip of genetic material
At birth the brain, heart, and lungs…
are well developed enough to allow the baby to survive outside of the mother’s womb
At birth the baby’s head/brain is…
relatively small to allow it to pass through birth canal; skull isn’t completely closed to allow the brain to grow
At birth, how many synapses are formed b/c of environmental stimuli?
31 trilllion
From age 3 to 11yrs old it is the easiest to…
learn a second language, drawing, playing an instrument
From age 3 to 11yrs old, the brain’s…
dense neural network is the most receptive
At around the age of 8…
critical thinking emerges
At the age of 3 to 11yrs, adolescents are less likely to
think before they act, pause to consider the consequences of their actions, change their dangerous/inappropriate behaviors
From age 11 and up…
pruning begins; neural pathways not used will be cut and fade away while remaining pathways will remain stronger and become more efficient
Which portion of the brain is dominant during the teenage years?
amygdala
Teenagers are more likely to
act on impulse, misread/misinterpret social cues/emotions, get into accidents, get involved in fights, engage in dangerous/risky behavior
In young adults their prefrontal cortex is…
the last to mature, memory is decreased/slowed, and critical memory brain-cell processes are lost
What is neurogenesis?
the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
Our consciousness is mainly in the…
prefrontal cortex
Do we inherit cognitive function from our parents?
Yes
Genes+Expereinces (learning opportunities) = ….
Wisdom
What is a neuron?
specialized cell of the nervous system that processes info
What is the function of neurons?
responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, transforming+relaying electrical signals
What does EEGs stand for?
Electroencephalographs
What does as EEGs do?
follows current along pathways; shows state of consciousness in sleep, awake, anaesthetized states
What are the major drawbacks of EEGs?
cannot show the anatomy of brain or tell which specific regions of brain do what; do not anatomically map the brain; only electrical activity is protrayed
How many main parts are mentioned of the cell?
3
What are the 3 main parts of the cell?
cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
What is the function of the cell membrane?
provide a semi-permeable boundary that divides/regulates outer/inner substances of the cell
What is the function of the nucleus?
stores the DNA and genetic materials
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
fluid within the cell that serves as the body for the organelles to sit in; allows for bodily processes such as protein synthesis and glycolosis
Neurons of are capable of firing messages via…
chemical and electrical impulses
What are the dendrites on a neuron?
Top left purple ends of reef-like structure
What is the nucleus on a neuron?
a green circle glob at the center of the purple reef-like structure
What is the cell body/soma on a neuron?
the reef-like purple structure itself as a whole (left portion only)
What is the axon Hillock on a neuron?
the portion of the purple reef nearest to the yellow myelin structures; the whole communication bridging to the other purple reef end
What are the myelin sheaths on a neuron?
the yellow globs on the axon that helps speed up the message process
What are the nodes of Ranvier on a neuron?
the purple parts of the axon in between every yellow myelin sheath
What are the Schwaan cells on a neuron?
the pinkish-purple circles located within the myelin sheaths
What are the axon terminals on a neuron?
the very tips/ends of the purple reef structures
What are the synapses of a neuron?
the gap in between each one reef structure to another reef structure, the receptor that receives the info
electrical activity is known as…
action potential
At -70mV is…
resting potential
At -55mV is…
action potential
When a neuron is at rest it means that…
the inside is negative relative to the outside
What is depolarization?
membrane potential quickly changing from a negative to positive state in less than 1/1000 of a second, via movement of K+ and Na+ into cell
What does AP stand for?
Action potential
Ion channels in the axon are…
voltage gated
____ at one axon segment triggers the _____ of ion channels in the next segment
Depolarization and opening
The action potential spreads along the axon as…
a wave of depolarization
What are ions?
electrically charged chemicals
What are examples of ions?
sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride
What is multiple sclerosis?
a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve cells in the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord
Multiple sclerosis is most common in…
ages 20-40, females
What are synapses?
connections between neurons
Neurons that fire together…
connect with repeated exposure
Experiences brings…
strong brain connections and learning
Neurotransmitters are produced in…
neurons
Neurotransmitters are released in…
synapses
Most of psychoactive meds work on NT concentrations…
increasing or decreasing levels, preventing re-uptakes, increased production
Neurotransmitters are also considered…
chemicals that fine-tune perceptions, feelings, and behaviors
Who is the Otto Loewi?
The founder of neurotransmitters
How did Otto Loewi come up with the experiment idea to test for a neurotransmitter?
a dream
What was the first ever discovered neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
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