Kinesiology Test #1

Osteokinematics

the study of the gross, observable movements of bones around joint axes

Arthrokinematics

the study of small, involuntary movements that happen between joint surfaces inside the body when bones move.

Anatomical Postion

Standing with palm facing anteriorly.

Abduction

lateral movement away from the mid-line of the trunk in the (frontal plane).An example is raising the arms or thighs to the side away from the anatomical position.

Adduction

Movement medially toward and/or across the midline of the trunk in the (frontal plane).An example is lowering the abducted arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position.

Flexion

Bending movement that result in a decrease of the angle in a joint by bringing bones together, usually in the (sagittal plane).An example is the elbow joint when the hand is drawn to the shoulder.

Extension

Straightening movement that results in an increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones apart, usually in the (sagittal plane).Using the elbow, an example is when the hand moves away from the shoulder.

External rotation

rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline of the body. Occurs in the (transverse plane) and is also known as laterally, outward rotation and lateral rotation.

internal rotation

Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the midline of the body.Occurs in the (transverse plane) and is also known as rotation medially, inward rotation and medial rotation.

Lateral flexion

Movement of the head and/or trunk in the (frontal plane) laterally away from the midline.Abduction of the spine.

Reduction

Return of the spinal column in the (frontal plane) to the anatomic position from lateral flexion.Adduction of the spine.

Muscle provide

force which turns into movement

Function of muscles

Protection, Dynamic stability, Posture and support, Production of bodily heat

Various muscle shapes and fiber arrangements →

change the line of pull

The greater the diameter

the greater the force production

Irritability/Excitability

the sensitivity to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimulus

Contractility

the ability to contract and develop tension/internal force against resistance when stimulated

Extensibility

the ability to be passively stretched beyond normal resting length

Elasticity

the ability to return to original resting length following stretching

Concentric contraction

the muscle developing active tension as it shortens and overcomes the applied resistance. Ex) Doing biceps curls

Eccentric contraction

the muscle lengthening under active lessening tension against a resistance (using controlling descent). Ex) lowering a weight down

Isometric contraction

the muscle develops active tension without change in the joint angle. Example)Plank

Agonist

concentrically contracts to create desired motion

Antagonist

have the opposite concentric muscle action from agonists

Synergists

can have the same muscle action as the agonist or opposite action to prevent undesired motions. Helps the agonist desired.

Force Couples

a pair or group of muscles contracting to create desired motion even when their muscle actions are different.

Dermatomes

area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Kinesthesis

conscious awareness of body’s position and movement in space

Proprioception

subconscious mechanism that regulates posture and movement by responding to stimuli from proprioceptors (sensory neurons)

Muscle spindles

In muscle, create stretch reflex

Golgi tendon organ

Between muscle and tendon, Much less sensitive to stretch than muscle spindles, Activates by muscle contraction.

Pacinian corpuscle

In the joint capsules, ligaments, tendon sheaths, and beneath the skin, Activated by rapid joint angle and pressure changes

Ruffini’s Corpuscles

In the deep layers of skin and joint capsules, Activated by strong pressure and joint angle changes, Slower than Pacinian corpuscles to react and deactivate.

Meissner’s corpuscles and Krause’s end-bulbs

In the skin, Receive stimuli from touch, Not as involved in kinesthesis.

Neuromuscular junction

the connection between muscle cells/fibers and motor neurons

Muscle fibers types

fast (IIa and Ilb) and slow (I)

Motor unit

ONE motor neuron and all the muscle cells/fibers it innervate

Action potential

electrical signal from brain

Subthreshold →

does not activate motor unit

Threshold →

activates motor unit

Stretch-Shortening Cycle

eccentrically contracting a muscle suddenly followed immediately by concentric contraction of that muscle. Ex) bending your knee before jumping

Reciprocal inhibition

when antagonists relax and lengthen as agonist contract concentrically. Ex) flex biceps, back of your arm is relax.

Active insufficiency

a muscle loses the ability to contract as it shorten. Can no longer squeeze

Passive insufficiency

a muscles loses the ability to contract because the antagonist reached its maximum length. Stretched as far as it can.

Muscles can contract the best around

60% to 130% of its resting length

Machines in the Body

Lever, pulleys, wheels and axel

Lever arm

distance from fulcrum/axis

Mechanical advantage is when

the lever arm is at its longest

1st class

Head

2nd class

Heel rasie

3rd class

Bicep curl

The rotator cuff is an example of which muscle principle?

force couple

Stretch receptors in the tendons are called?

Golgi tendon organs

which axis does wrist/forearm supination and pronation occur around

verticle

Synovial joint have the most mobility making them a ___ joint type

diarthrodial

what are examples of a multi axial ball and socket joint?

Shoulder and hip joints

The gaster is the?

muscle belly

when a muscle is contracting isometrically, the velocity of the muscle contraction is?

Zero(0)

An antagonist muscle will relax when the agonist muscle is contracted.This is true due to which principles?

Reciprocal inhibition

A___ muscle is the primary muscle that creates the desired movement.

agoinst

The conscious awareness of the body’s position and movement in space is?

kinesthesis

The subconscious, automatically adjust your body

Proprioception

Subthershold

no motion

Thershold

Motion

In order for the stretch-shortening cycle to allow for greater force production of a muscle;

the quick concentric contraction must immediately occur after the quick eccentric contraction.

Example of pulley?

lateral malleolus

Muscle and muscle group innervated by specific spinal nerve is called?

Myotome

Dematome testing tests the function of which neural pathway?

Afferent

According to the convex-on-concave rule, the____is the stable surface/segment.

concave side

Hinge and pivot joints cannot perform movement in the___plane.

diagonal

What component of joint has the primary role to prevent motion in specific directions?

ligaments

Which is not true about arthokinematic motion?

there is always a spin

If bones are considered the lever arms and muscle line of pull is the force applied to the bony surfaces, what is the joint?

fulcrum

What joint type has the most mobility?

synovial

what is an example of a multi axial ball and socket joint?

glenohumeral joint

The 5th digit (pinkly) is___to the thumb.

Medial

knee flexion and extension occurs around which axis?

frontal

Spinal rotation during the Russian twist exercise occur in the___plane of motion.

Transverse

Per the all-or-none principle, if an action potential is subthershold,___.

the motor unit will not fire

Stretch receptors in the muscle belly are called?

muscle spindles