Bio Final

studied byStudied by 6 people
5.0(4)
Get a hint
Hint

DNA (acronym)

1 / 103

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Nah

104 Terms

1

DNA (acronym)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

New cards
2

Double Helix

Shape of DNA

New cards
3

Adenine

Base Pair A, Paired with T in DNA or U in RNA

New cards
4

Guanine

Base Pair G, Paired with C

New cards
5

Cytosine

Base Pair C, Paired with G

New cards
6

Thymine

Base Pair T, Paired with A, Only in DNA

New cards
7

Deoxyribose

5 Carbon Sugar in DNA

New cards
8

Ribose

Sugar in RNA

New cards
9

Uracil

Base Pair U, Paired with A, Only in RNA

New cards
10

RNA (acronym)

Ribonucleic Acid

New cards
11

Chromosome

Fully condensed DNA in preparation for cell division

New cards
12

Chromatin

Uncondensed DNA, In a thread-like form

New cards
13

Chromatid

Sister Chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome, they are one side of the X

New cards
14

Histones

The proteins which DNA wraps around

New cards
15

DNA Replication

Process where DNA replicates

New cards
16

Topoisomerase

Untwists the Double helix

New cards
17

Primase

Catalyzes the synthesis of short-chain RNA because DNA can’t initiate the synthesis itself

New cards
18

Helicase

Breaks down hydrogen bonds between DNA strands

New cards
19

DNA polymerase

Joins the nucleotides of the new DNA

New cards
20

Ligase

Joins DNA fragments on the discontinuous strand

New cards
21

Anti-Parallel

Running in opposite directions (DNA strands do this)

New cards
22

Leading Strand

The Continuous strand in replication

New cards
23

Lagging Strand

Discontinuous strand in replication (broken apart and put back together by Ligase)

New cards
24

Okazaki Fragments

Fragments of the Lagging strand, put back together by Ligase

New cards
25

Mitosis

Diploid cell reproduction, only 1 cycle, last stage of the cell cycle

New cards
26

Centromere

Middle part of the X in a chromosome

New cards
27

Meiosis

Haploid cell reproduction, 2 cycles

New cards
28

Homologous Pair

Chromosome Pairs, Humans have 23 pairs

New cards
29

Cytokinesis

Division of Cytoplasm and Organelles for new cells

New cards
30

Cell Cycle

A series of events from one cell division to the next

New cards
31

G1

First part of the Cell cycle, cell grows and does its job

New cards
32

S

Synthesis, DNA replication in preparation for division

New cards
33

G2

Cell creates new proteins in preparation for division

New cards
34

Spindle Fiber

Strands used to pull chromosomes in anaphase and metaphase

New cards
35

Prophase (mitosis)

1st phase of mitosis, duplicated chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks apart

New cards
36

Metaphase (mitosis)

2nd phase of mitosis, Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach

New cards
37

Anaphase (mitosis)

3rd phase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and become independent chromosomes, spindle fibers drag them to opposite sides

New cards
38

Telophase (mitosis)

4th phase of mitosis, chromosomes uncondense, nuclear membrane re-appears, 2 daughter cells form

New cards
39

Cell Plate

Vesicles gather along the midline and form a cell plate

New cards
40

Contractile Ring

A ring formed outside of the cell membrane which pinches off the two cells

New cards
41

Cleavage Furrow

The area where the 2 animal cells are formed after telophase

New cards
42

Haploid

Half-DNA cells, sex cells, formed in meiosis

New cards
43

Diploid

Full DNA cells, autosomal cells, formed in mitosis

New cards
44

G0

Cell arrest, cell cycle stops, cells are in G1 permanently, includes heart cells and neurons

New cards
45

Synapsis

During Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes line up closely together

New cards
46

Tetrad

2 aligned chromosomes, or 4 sister chromatids when crossing over

New cards
47

Crossing Over

During Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1, Sections of non-sister chromatids break off and switch places, creates genetic diversity

New cards
48

Random Alignment

During Metaphase 1 of Meiosis 1, Chromosomes randomly align themselves, creates more genetic diversity

New cards
49

Independent Assortment

Same thing as Random Alignment

New cards
50

Gametes

Haploid reproductive cells produced through meiosis

New cards
51

Egg

Haploid female sex cell

New cards
52

Polar Bodies

Leftover thingies after an egg cell is formed

New cards
53

Sperm

Haploid male sex cell

New cards
54

Parent cell

The cell daughter cells are made from

New cards
55

Daughter cells

the 2 new cells formed

New cards
56

Aneuploidy

The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set

New cards
57

Polyploidy

The condition of having and abnormal number of chromosomes in a diploid set

New cards
58

RNA polymerase

The enzyme which performs transcription. Unwinds DNA and attaches mRNA bases

New cards
59

Transcription

Copying of a gene’s recipe onto mRNA

New cards
60

Translation

3 steps, Initiation, Elongation, Termination. Creates polypeptides based on the information in the mRNA

New cards
61

mRNA

Messenger RNA, gets a message transcribes onto it and transports the message to the tRNA to be transcribed

New cards
62

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, the main component of the Ribosomes, globular

New cards
63

tRNA

Transfer RNA, strange hairpin shape, reads the mRNA and makes the proteins

New cards
64

Amino Acid Chain

The new polypeptide formed after transcription

New cards
65

Ribosome

Organelle which makes the proteins and where protein synthesis occurs

New cards
66

Polysome

Poly ribosome, when multiple ribosomes cluster around the same mRNA

New cards
67

Point Mutation

A mutation where a single base is added, changed, or deleted. Has moderate to severe impacts

New cards
68

Base Change Substitution

When one base replaces another in a mutation

New cards
69

Insertion/Deletion

Bases are either added or removed in a mutation

New cards
70

Non-Frameshift Mutations

Insertion or deletion of a multiple 3 numbers of bases ex. losing AAG or gaining AAG,AAT. Usually moderate-severe impact

New cards
71

Frameshift Mutations

Insertion or deletion of a non-multiple of 3 number of bases ex. losing AU or gaining GCCT

New cards
72

Silent mutation

A base has changed but the correct amino acid is formed. There is no health impact

New cards
73

Missense Mutation

The base change causes the wrong amino acid to be formed, but the production of amino acids continues. Health impacts are moderate-severe

New cards
74

Nonsense Mutation

Where a single base changes similar to a missense mutation, however it codes for a premature stop. Health impacts are very severe

New cards
75

Allele

Alternative forms of the same gene

New cards
76

Autosome

All numbered chromosomes, all but X and Y, carry out the body’s regular functions

New cards
77

Sex Chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes

New cards
78

Polygenic inheritance

When more than one gene affects the outcome of the expressed characteristic. usually shown through a bell curve

New cards
79

Blood type inheritance

Type of polygenic inheritance. made up of the A, B and O alleles as well as the + and - parts

New cards
80

Codominance

2 alleles are equally expressed as traits, when a chicken is both black and white when having a black father and a white mother

New cards
81

Incomplete dominance

When one allele pair is not fully dominant over the other, resulting in a blend of the 2 traits. When a black father chicken and a white mother chicken have a grey chicken baby.

New cards
82

Microevolution

Short term changes in allele frequencies in populations

New cards
83

5 Fingers of Microevolution

  1. Mutations, 2. Gene Flow, 3. Genetic Drift, 4. Sexual Selection, 5. Natural Selection

New cards
84

Gene Flow

The physical movement of alleles in and out of a population. Ex. Migration

New cards
85

Mutation (microevolution)

When a new allele is formed which is beneficial for the organism

New cards
86

Genetic Drift

Random change in allele frequency in a population over time due to chance alone

New cards
87

Bottleneck effect

When a huge percent of a population is randomly wiped out and the survivors are the only ones who pass on their genes, eliminating certain alleles and passing on others

New cards
88

Founder Effect

When a separated group starts a new colony with allele frequencies that are very different from the original population

New cards
89

Sexual Selection

When a trait makes it either easier or harder for the organism to reproduce, and making passing on genes either easier or harder

New cards
90

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with certain traits are best suited to survive and reproduce, thus passing on those traits to succeeding generations.

New cards
91

Adaptation

A favorable trait

New cards
92

Decent with modification

Modern animals are the modified descendants of older extinct species

New cards
93

Stabilizing Selection

The central form is favored and the extremes are less favored

New cards
94

Disruptive Selection

Extremes are more favored and central is selected against

New cards
95

Directional Selection

The trait shift in a clear direction towards one extreme

New cards
96

Allopatric Speciation

Due to geographical isolation: physical separation of members of a population

New cards
97

Sympatric Speciation

In the same geographical area, but separated due to other factors such as: habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation

New cards
98

Habitat Isolation

When species occupy different niches In the same are

New cards
99

Temporal Isolation

When species breed at different times, be it time of day or time of year

New cards
100

Behavioral Isolation

When species have different mating calls or rituals

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot