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DNA (acronym)

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104 Terms

1

DNA (acronym)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2

Double Helix

Shape of DNA

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3

Adenine

Base Pair A, Paired with T in DNA or U in RNA

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4

Guanine

Base Pair G, Paired with C

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5

Cytosine

Base Pair C, Paired with G

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6

Thymine

Base Pair T, Paired with A, Only in DNA

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7

Deoxyribose

5 Carbon Sugar in DNA

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8

Ribose

Sugar in RNA

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9

Uracil

Base Pair U, Paired with A, Only in RNA

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10

RNA (acronym)

Ribonucleic Acid

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11

Chromosome

Fully condensed DNA in preparation for cell division

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12

Chromatin

Uncondensed DNA, In a thread-like form

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13

Chromatid

Sister Chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome, they are one side of the X

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14

Histones

The proteins which DNA wraps around

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15

DNA Replication

Process where DNA replicates

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16

Topoisomerase

Untwists the Double helix

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17

Primase

Catalyzes the synthesis of short-chain RNA because DNA can’t initiate the synthesis itself

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18

Helicase

Breaks down hydrogen bonds between DNA strands

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19

DNA polymerase

Joins the nucleotides of the new DNA

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20

Ligase

Joins DNA fragments on the discontinuous strand

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21

Anti-Parallel

Running in opposite directions (DNA strands do this)

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22

Leading Strand

The Continuous strand in replication

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23

Lagging Strand

Discontinuous strand in replication (broken apart and put back together by Ligase)

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24

Okazaki Fragments

Fragments of the Lagging strand, put back together by Ligase

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25

Mitosis

Diploid cell reproduction, only 1 cycle, last stage of the cell cycle

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26

Centromere

Middle part of the X in a chromosome

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27

Meiosis

Haploid cell reproduction, 2 cycles

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28

Homologous Pair

Chromosome Pairs, Humans have 23 pairs

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29

Cytokinesis

Division of Cytoplasm and Organelles for new cells

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30

Cell Cycle

A series of events from one cell division to the next

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31

G1

First part of the Cell cycle, cell grows and does its job

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S

Synthesis, DNA replication in preparation for division

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33

G2

Cell creates new proteins in preparation for division

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34

Spindle Fiber

Strands used to pull chromosomes in anaphase and metaphase

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35

Prophase (mitosis)

1st phase of mitosis, duplicated chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks apart

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36

Metaphase (mitosis)

2nd phase of mitosis, Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach

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37

Anaphase (mitosis)

3rd phase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and become independent chromosomes, spindle fibers drag them to opposite sides

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38

Telophase (mitosis)

4th phase of mitosis, chromosomes uncondense, nuclear membrane re-appears, 2 daughter cells form

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39

Cell Plate

Vesicles gather along the midline and form a cell plate

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Contractile Ring

A ring formed outside of the cell membrane which pinches off the two cells

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41

Cleavage Furrow

The area where the 2 animal cells are formed after telophase

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42

Haploid

Half-DNA cells, sex cells, formed in meiosis

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43

Diploid

Full DNA cells, autosomal cells, formed in mitosis

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44

G0

Cell arrest, cell cycle stops, cells are in G1 permanently, includes heart cells and neurons

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45

Synapsis

During Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes line up closely together

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46

Tetrad

2 aligned chromosomes, or 4 sister chromatids when crossing over

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47

Crossing Over

During Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1, Sections of non-sister chromatids break off and switch places, creates genetic diversity

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48

Random Alignment

During Metaphase 1 of Meiosis 1, Chromosomes randomly align themselves, creates more genetic diversity

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49

Independent Assortment

Same thing as Random Alignment

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50

Gametes

Haploid reproductive cells produced through meiosis

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51

Egg

Haploid female sex cell

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52

Polar Bodies

Leftover thingies after an egg cell is formed

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53

Sperm

Haploid male sex cell

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54

Parent cell

The cell daughter cells are made from

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55

Daughter cells

the 2 new cells formed

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56

Aneuploidy

The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set

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Polyploidy

The condition of having and abnormal number of chromosomes in a diploid set

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58

RNA polymerase

The enzyme which performs transcription. Unwinds DNA and attaches mRNA bases

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Transcription

Copying of a gene’s recipe onto mRNA

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Translation

3 steps, Initiation, Elongation, Termination. Creates polypeptides based on the information in the mRNA

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mRNA

Messenger RNA, gets a message transcribes onto it and transports the message to the tRNA to be transcribed

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rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, the main component of the Ribosomes, globular

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, strange hairpin shape, reads the mRNA and makes the proteins

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Amino Acid Chain

The new polypeptide formed after transcription

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Ribosome

Organelle which makes the proteins and where protein synthesis occurs

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Polysome

Poly ribosome, when multiple ribosomes cluster around the same mRNA

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67

Point Mutation

A mutation where a single base is added, changed, or deleted. Has moderate to severe impacts

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Base Change Substitution

When one base replaces another in a mutation

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69

Insertion/Deletion

Bases are either added or removed in a mutation

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70

Non-Frameshift Mutations

Insertion or deletion of a multiple 3 numbers of bases ex. losing AAG or gaining AAG,AAT. Usually moderate-severe impact

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71

Frameshift Mutations

Insertion or deletion of a non-multiple of 3 number of bases ex. losing AU or gaining GCCT

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Silent mutation

A base has changed but the correct amino acid is formed. There is no health impact

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Missense Mutation

The base change causes the wrong amino acid to be formed, but the production of amino acids continues. Health impacts are moderate-severe

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74

Nonsense Mutation

Where a single base changes similar to a missense mutation, however it codes for a premature stop. Health impacts are very severe

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75

Allele

Alternative forms of the same gene

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Autosome

All numbered chromosomes, all but X and Y, carry out the body’s regular functions

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Sex Chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes

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78

Polygenic inheritance

When more than one gene affects the outcome of the expressed characteristic. usually shown through a bell curve

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79

Blood type inheritance

Type of polygenic inheritance. made up of the A, B and O alleles as well as the + and - parts

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80

Codominance

2 alleles are equally expressed as traits, when a chicken is both black and white when having a black father and a white mother

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Incomplete dominance

When one allele pair is not fully dominant over the other, resulting in a blend of the 2 traits. When a black father chicken and a white mother chicken have a grey chicken baby.

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82

Microevolution

Short term changes in allele frequencies in populations

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83

5 Fingers of Microevolution

  1. Mutations, 2. Gene Flow, 3. Genetic Drift, 4. Sexual Selection, 5. Natural Selection

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Gene Flow

The physical movement of alleles in and out of a population. Ex. Migration

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85

Mutation (microevolution)

When a new allele is formed which is beneficial for the organism

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86

Genetic Drift

Random change in allele frequency in a population over time due to chance alone

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Bottleneck effect

When a huge percent of a population is randomly wiped out and the survivors are the only ones who pass on their genes, eliminating certain alleles and passing on others

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Founder Effect

When a separated group starts a new colony with allele frequencies that are very different from the original population

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89

Sexual Selection

When a trait makes it either easier or harder for the organism to reproduce, and making passing on genes either easier or harder

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90

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with certain traits are best suited to survive and reproduce, thus passing on those traits to succeeding generations.

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91

Adaptation

A favorable trait

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92

Decent with modification

Modern animals are the modified descendants of older extinct species

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Stabilizing Selection

The central form is favored and the extremes are less favored

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94

Disruptive Selection

Extremes are more favored and central is selected against

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95

Directional Selection

The trait shift in a clear direction towards one extreme

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96

Allopatric Speciation

Due to geographical isolation: physical separation of members of a population

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97

Sympatric Speciation

In the same geographical area, but separated due to other factors such as: habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation

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98

Habitat Isolation

When species occupy different niches In the same are

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99

Temporal Isolation

When species breed at different times, be it time of day or time of year

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Behavioral Isolation

When species have different mating calls or rituals

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