AP unit 2

what is a difference between endocrine and neural control systems?

all of the answers are correct:

nature of the signal

specificity

duration of action

speed

the desired target value for a parameter

setpoint

why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal

some cells lack the appropriate receptors

continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable

sensory receptor

the most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is the

cell that responds to it

cells that respond to signals are usually called

targets

homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called

local control

compared with endocrine reflexes, neural reflexes ______

respond rapidly but are short

what are produced by and act upon the same cell

autocrine signals

an ______ delivers information about environmental stimuli from the periphery to the control center. changes physiological variables in order to restore and maintain homeostasis

input signal

a ___ results from changes in organ activity. it can cause a change in the original stimulus

response

an _____ will deliver a chemical that will affect the target organ/effecter. it can be carried out by a neuron, or a classic hormone released into the blood

output signal

an ____ synthesizes information coming in from many sensory pathways and sends out the proper response

integrating center

a ____ senses change in physiological variables

sensor

an ______ changes physiological variables in order to restore and maintain homeostasis

effector

function of an afferent neuron

deliver information about the physiological variable to the integrating center

simple endocrine pathway will include

target tissue

circulatory system

classic hormone

sensor

endocrine organ

the role of endocrine organs in both simple and complex reflex pathways

to function as a sensor and integrating center

a hormone effects _______

only cell specific target cells, because nontarget cells lack the receptors for the hormone

down regulation may allow a target cell to

decrease its number of receptors for a ligand

an integrating center

evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint

neurotransmitters and neurohormones both

are released by neurons and affect only cells with a specific receptor

typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors,

gene transcription may increase or decrease

hormones made of many amino acids are classified as

peptides or proteins

• which of the following is a similarity between the anterior and posterior pituitary? both secrete _______

• the majority of hormones in the body are

• lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

peptide hormones

the posterior pituitary gland secretes

vasopressin (ADH)

when stimulated by a hormone, there is an increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. the hormone is probably

a peptide

if the release of thyroid hormone (TH) was regulated by a long-loop negative feedback , where would you find the cells that are inhibiting by TH binding

the hypothalamus

a similarity between peptide and steroid hormones

both travel through the blood to bind receptors on target cells

hormones acting through signal transduction pathways stimulate a ____ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects

faster

in the simple endocrine reflexes, which structure contains the sensor cells that trigger hormone release

an endocrine gland

when adenylyl cyclase is activated,

cAMP is formed

which of the following is a neurohormone

growth hormone

cortisol

thyroid-stimulating hormone

oxytocin

oxytocin

what hormone has intracellular receptors

cortisol

what is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

after a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

which of the following is a peptide hormone

aldosterone

epinephrine

melatonin

calcitonin

calcitonin

which hormone is NOT an amino acid derivative

norepinephrine

thyroid hormone

epinephrine

thyroid-stimulating hormone

melatonin

thyroid-stimulating hormone

derivatives of tyrosine

amino acid-derived hormone

steroid hormones are lipophilic. this allows steroid hormones to____

bind to intracellular receptors

cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

steroid hormone

the pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is

somatotropin

which is classified as an amino acid-derived hormone?

epinephrine

the pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is

TSH

what is the role of that hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function?

to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary

what hormone lines up with the target tissue mammary gland

the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is:

which anterior pituitary hormone is the only one that has a nonendocrine cell as its target

prolactin (PRL)

what hormone lines up with the target tissue muscles and bones

growth hormone (GH)

what hormone lines up with the target tissue thyroid gland

thyrotropin (TSH)

what hormone lines up with the target tissue adrenal gland

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

what hormone lines up with the target tissue ovary/testis

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

order of stimulation of the anterior pituitary

release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamic neurons → gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) travels through portal system circulation → stimulation of endocrine cells in anterior pituitary → release of follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) → follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binds to ovary, promoting follicular growth and development and release of estrogen

which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

the anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation

how would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary

neurohormone

which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary

oxytocin

prolactin

vasopressin

luteinizing hormone

oxytocin

vasopressin

where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced

in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus

_____ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a complex reflex pathway

primary

secretion of a lower-than-normal amount of a hormone is called____

hyposecretion

synergism occur when

hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted

the pituitary hormone that controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

the term for two hormones that have greater than additive effects have a ______ effect

synergistic

a blood sample is found to have low levels of GHRH and very high levels of GH and IGFs. where would the pathology be located in this example

the anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary:

a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis

posterior pituitary:

an extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis

infundibulum:

the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain

hypothalamus:

A brain region that contains several collections of neuronal cell bodies that provide a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system

trauma to the anterior pituitary caused secondary hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). what would you expect to happen to the levels of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid hormones (TH)?

increased TRH and decreased TH

difference between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary

one secretes chemical signals from endocrine cells, and the other secretes chemical signals from neural cells

site of vasopressin synthesis

hypothalamus

different hormones may interact with each other at a target cell. which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of hormone interaction

antagonism

permissiveness

synergism

transportation

transportation

patients with hyperinsulinemia may have a decreased number of insulin receptors of their cell membranes. This is an example of_____

down-regulation

example of a primary endocrine pathology in the control of thyroid hormone secretion

dysfunction in the thyroid

which of the following is a specialized region of the circulation where a blood vessel connects two sets of capillaries

a vein

a portal system

a portal vein

the hypothalamus

a portal system

storage and release site for oxytocin

posterior pituitary

the posterior pituitary gland secretes

vasopressin (ADH)

the term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called_____

permissive

branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called

collaterals

the afferent and efferent neurons together form the

shwann cell are found in the

peripheral nervous system

specialized immune cells that are confined to the CNS

glial cells act as scavengers

microglia

in general, the nervous system is made up of which two types of cells

1. motor

2. neurons

3. sensory

4. glia

5. associative

neurons and glia

clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called

ganglia

size increases if stimulus strength increases

graded potential

cells that myelinate several axons and cells that are in the CNS that form myelin

oligodendrocytes

cells that myelinate only one axon each, multiple cells per axon

cells in the PNS that form myelin

schwann cells

highly branched cells that transfer nutrients between blood vessels and neurons

astrocytes

the brain and spinal cord together compose the

astrocytes are found in the

central nervous system

the axon is connected to the cell body by the

where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated

axon hillock

autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

the region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the

synapse

exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are directly conrtolled by the

autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system

the multiple thin, branched structures on some neurons whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the

receives most of the incoming synapses

dendrites

which of the following neurons or groups of neurons is NOT considered part of the efferent pathway

somatic motor

sensory

sympathetic

parasympathetic

sensory (afferent)

cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer to separate fluid compartments of the CNS

ependymal cells

neurotransmitters are released from the

axon terminals

depolarization:

sodium ions are moving in, and the membrane potential is becoming less negative than the resting membrane

repolarization:

potassium ions are moving out, and the membrane potential is becoming more negative as it moves back toward the resting membrane potential

hyperpolarization:

potassium ions are moving out and the membrane potential is becoming more negative than the resting membrane potential

during an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium ion permeability and the stimulus and rapid increase in potassium ion permeability is responsible for ______

the repolarization phase

during an action potential, when does sodium ion permeability begin to significantly decline

at the peak of depolarization

interneurons are found

in the CNS