3.5 Introduction to Neurons and Brain Plasticity

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to neurons, their structure, functions, types, and the phenomenon of neuroplasticity as discussed in the lecture.

What are neurons responsible for in the brain?

Neurons are responsible for generating thought, behavior, and movement.

How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?

Approximately 100 billion neurons.

What is the main cell body of a neuron called?

The main cell body is called the soma.

What do dendrites do in a neuron?

Dendrites allow one neuron to connect with other neurons, facilitating communication.

What is the axon hillock?

The axon hillock is the part of the neuron where the axon begins, located at the base of the cell body.

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

The myelin sheath is a fatty conductive tissue that speeds up the electrical impulses traveling along the axon.

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps between segments of the myelin sheath on an axon.

What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released from axon terminals that influence other neurons.

What are the three types of neurons?

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

What do sensory neurons do?

Sensory neurons collect information from the external world through the senses and communicate it to the brain or spinal cord.

How do motor neurons function?

Motor neurons transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles to create movement.

What is the role of interneurons?

Interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and can create reflex circuits.

What is a reflex arc?

A reflex arc is a neural circuit that allows for quick reactions to stimuli, involving sensory and motor neurons.

What is neuroplasticity?

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change and reorganize itself in response to experience.

What is adult neurogenesis?

Adult neurogenesis refers to the birth and integration of new neurons into the adult brain.

How does learning affect dendrites?

Learning can lead to dendritic branching, increasing the neuron's potential to connect with other neurons.

What are dendritic spines?

Dendritic spines are small outgrowths on dendrites that increase surface area for connections with other neurons.

How does the brain of a blind person adapt?

In blind individuals, visual areas of the brain can be recruited for non-visual tasks, demonstrating neuroplasticity.