Quantitative

Quantitative

Numerical data that can be measured, used in statistical analysis.

Mean

The average value in a data set.

Median

The middle value in a data set when ordered.

Mode

The value that appears most frequently in a data set.

Types of Data Presentation

Pie chart, Bar chart, Histogram, Scatterplots.

Pie Chart

Helps organize and show data as a percentage of a whole, using a circle and 'slices' for specific categories.

Bar Chart

A chart used to show distribution and comparisons of data points across different subgroups. Shows highest or lowest.

Histogram

A graph used to summarize continuous data, showing major features of data distribution without gaps between bars.

Scatterplot

A plot that identifies a possible relationship between changes in two different sets of variables.

Descriptive Research

A type of research whose purpose is to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

Correlational Research

A type of research that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them, where correlation does not imply causation.

Experimental Research

A type of research that determines cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an IV and observing effects on DV, with random assignment.

Quasi-Experimental Research

A type of research that assesses cause-and-effect like experimental research but without random assignment.

Causal-Comparative Research

A type of research that identifies cause-and-effect relationships by comparing groups, without researcher manipulation or randomization.

Descriptive Survey

Survey focusing on describing the characteristics of a phenomenon.

Analytical Survey

A survey to understand relationships and potential causes by examining two or more variables.

Open-ended Questions

Questions that allow respondents to generate their own and elaborate on their answers.

Closed-ended Questions

Questions that offer a limited set of predefined answer options, requiring respondents to choose from them.

Hypothesis

An educated guess or prediction explaining possible outcomes in a study based on previous studies.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The statement of no or opposite relationship between two variables.

Alternate Hypothesis (H1)

The research hypothesis indicating there is a relationship between variables.

Significance Level

The probability (P) set by researchers, typically at 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1, below which results allow the rejection of the null hypothesis.