4TH QTR: MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY

MASS MEDIA

Channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape, or form, to large numbers of people

MEDIA EFFECTS

• The intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does

• It has an effect to us and a wide number of people

• Only takes place for mass media

• Can appear in print, broadcast, digital/new media

THIRD-PARTY THEORY

• People are more immune to media influence than others

• There is a certain degree of denial that media plays over the things we do

• Controlling technology or being controlled by technology?

• Affects and shapes our opinions and decision-making

RECIPROCAL EFFECT

• When a person/event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts or the way the event functions

  • E.g.: when a picture of you is taken, when you get interviewed

• Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our actions

  • The thought that you will be seen by people

  • Thus, people patronize filters and face-altering tools

• Idea that the presence of media heightens your self-consciousness 

  • Want to appear good to project a certain image

BOOMERANG EFFECT

• Refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change

  • Individualized perspectives from the viewers interprets differently

  • Whatever you put out on social media, regardless of intention and purpose, will be received by others in their own ways, perceptions, values

• Dangerous combination of the 2

  • We have no control as to how people will react

  • Subject to whatever interpretation they have, no matter of your intention

• But, we can curate what people will have access to

CULTIVATION THEORY

• George Gerbner

• States that media exposure, specifically television, shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world

• The more we are exposing ourselves to negative notions in the media, the more you are desensitized with its real definition

  • You live in a state of fiction, so violence and the likes are normalized

  • E.g.: MTRCB is in-charge of controlling and filtering what Filipinos are exposed to

MASS MEDIA - MEDIA EFFECTS

• Refers to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape, or form to large numbers of people

• Are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does (Denis McQuail, 2010)

AGENDA-SETTING THEORY

• Lippmann/McCombs and Shaw

• Process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about

• Public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head, created by media

• In a tech-savvy world loaded with information, Understanding different media effects is crucial for becoming a critical consumer, allowing individuals to recognize biases, evaluate information, and make informed choices in a world saturated with information.

MEDIA LITERACY

• Ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media. The word media refers to the different means to communication such as television, radio, newspaper, magazines, and internet

  • If you can understand the complex message from the different media

  • If you are knowledgeable to the different elements and variables that affects the different media

  • If you can recognize how the media works and its connection to the society

IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA LITERACY

• Evaluate the logical connection between ideas

• Will be able to understand the significant role of the media in our society and how largely it influences its users – ability to discern

• Data - unstructured facts and figures that create the least impact on the receiver

• Information - organized data with relevance and purpose made meaningful by a person

• Knowledge - storage of information within your memory

AGE OF NEW MEDIA

• The ANM enabled the receiver as creator of content results to the influx of massive information we have now

• Massive information are being sent and received by people every second

INFORMATION LITERACY

• Recognizing when and how to locate information

• Skills to analyze, evaluate, and filter the information received

• Use the received information effectively

FAKE NEWS

Those news stories that are false: the story itself is fabricated, with no verifiable facts, soruces, or quotes. DIS CAN BE PROPAGANDA

ORIGIN OF FAKE NEWS

How misinformation and disinformation produced is directly related to who the author(s) is and ht edifferent reasons why it is created

MISINFORMATION

false or innacurate information that is mistakenly or uninentionally created or spread; the intent is not to deceive

DISINFORMATION

false information that is deliberately created and spread “in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth”

SATIRE OR PARODY

no intention to cause harm, but has potential to fool

MISLEADING CONTENT

Misleading use of info to frame an issue or individual

IMPOSTER CONTENT

Genuine sources are impersonated

FABRICATED CONTENT

Content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm

FALSE CONNECTION

Headlines, visuals, or captions don’t support the content

FALSE CONTEXT

Genuine content is shared with false contextual information

MANIPULATED CONTENT

Genuine information or integrity is manipulated to deceive

HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS

• Consider the source

• Check the author

• Check the date

• Check your biases

• Read beyond

• Supporting sources

• Is it a joke? 

• Ask the experts

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

• Anything which is an output of their minds and expressed afterwards

• Sell to a firm/corporation and they can do whatever they want with it

• Moral rights, rights of attribution

• If it’s entirely yours, you have right to attribution

COPYRIGHT

Anything artistic

PATENT AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

Inventions; functions of things

TRADEMARKS

Businesses

GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN

Affiliation with the location/place

GOVERNED BY ONE SIGNIFICANT NOTION

Origin

TYPES OF IP: COPYRIGHT-ORIGINAL

• Legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works

• Books, music, paintings, sculpture, and films, to computer programs, etc.

TYPES OF IP: PATENT

• An exclusive right granted for an invention - 3 types

  • Utility: function 

  • Design: unique, original, design of things

  • Plant: specie

    • Discovered

    • Experimented

• Provides the patent owner with the right to decide how or whether the invention can be used by others

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

• constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article

• May consist of three-dimensional features, such as lines, shapes, etc. 

PLANT

• Intellectual property right that protects a new and unique plant’s key characteristics from being copied, sold, or used by others

TYPES OF IP: TRADEMARKS

• A sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises

• The ™ symbol can generally be used by any person or business to indicate that a particular wordm phrase, or logo, is intended to serve as an identifier to the source of that product/service

• The R symbol individates that this word, phrase, or logo, is  a registered trademark for the product or serice

TYPES OF IP: INDICATIONS AND APPELATION OF ORIGIN

• Signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics

INFRINGEMENT

• An encroachment or tresspass on a right or privilege

• In the PH, IP rights are protected by R.A. 8293 aka IP Code of the Philippines - As mentioned in Cruz’s article, the scheme of penalties for IP Offenders involve the following:

• First offenders: PHP 50,000 - PHP 100,000 and/or imprisonment for 3-6 years

• Second offenders: PHP 150,000 - PHP 500,000 and/or imprisonment of 3 to 6 years

• Third offenders: fine of PHP 500,000 - PHP 1,500,000 and/or imprisonment of 6-9 years

FAIR USE POLICY

•  means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes. These include:

  • Commentary

  • Criticism

  • Reporting

  • Research

  • Teaching

GUIDLINES FOR FAIR USE

• A majority of the content you create must be your own

• Give credit to the copyright holder

• Don’t make money off of the copyrighted work

CREATIVE COMMONS

• American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The org has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public

• Attribution: compulsory - must always credit me

• Noncommercial: use it but don’t make money

• Non-Derivatives: your version must equal mine– no changes

• Share alike: if I allow you to change it, repeat my creative commons license

PUBLIC DOMAIN

• Traditional copyright: work cannot be used, adapted, copied, or published, w/o the creator’s permission

• Creative commons: work may be used w/o permission, but only under certain circumstances

• Public Domain: work can be used, copied, and published, completely without restrictions, no permission needed