DPT 742 Midterm STUDY GUIDE 3 (Endocrine, hormones, hypothyroidism)

Pathology of the endocrine system develops d/t dysfunction of...

Releasing, tropic, and/or effector hormones.

Define tropic hormones

Hormones that target other endocrine glands.

Define a simple hormonal control

When the level of one substance regulates the secretion of a hormone.

Define complex hormonal control

Hormones are activated via hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axis, stimulates a series of hormones.

How does the hypothalamus affect hormones?

It communicates with the pituitary gland to relay signals. It can cause pituitary to release or stop releasing hormones.

Define a negative feedback loop

A method of maintaining homeostasis by regulating body factors to get closer to homeostasis.

Hormonal changes in women over time include...

Changes in genitourinary tract, accelerates osteoporosis, alters lipid composition.

Hormonal changes in men over time include...

Preservation of bone and muscle mass, but tend to develop certain diseases (ex. BPH, liver disease) later in life.

Changes d/t decreased growth hormone (both sexes) (7)

Loss of body hair

Changes in skin collagen content and thickness

Increase in percent body fat

Decrease in lean body mass

Decrease in bone mass

Decrease in protein synthesis

Sleep disruption

Relationship between hormones and tumor suppressor genes

Decreased hormones -> Increased tumor suppressor genes, until they mutate and lose suppressor function.

Most common somatic mutation of human cancer?

Loss of tumor suppressor genes d/t lifelong exposure to mutagens

Results of loss of tumor suppressor genes

Increased probability of tumors (cancer)

Why are we going to experience more decline in GH secretion and increased exposure to mutagens?

Longer average life spans means that we are more likely to see cancer diagnoses in the future.

MAIN functions of the endocrine system (5)

Reproduction and developing a fetus

Sequential growth and development during puberty

Coordination of male and female reproductive systems

Homeostasis

Positive and negative feedback loops

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (just names, not functions yet) (6)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Human growth hormone (HGH)

Prolactin

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates adrenal cortex -> Release of glucocorticoids (metabolism). Anti-inflammatory

Function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Controls metabolism, makes proteins, controls sensitivity to other hormones

Function of luteinizing hormone (LH)

Females: LH rise triggers ovulation

Males: LH stimulates production of testosterone

Function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Similar function to LH, assists in ovulation and testosterone production

Function of human growth hormone (HGH)

Affects most body tissues, increases protein synthesis and fat mobilization, decreases carb utilization; stimulates + controls skeletal and visceral growth

Function of prolactin

Stimulates growth of breast tissue, milk production. Will increase w/variety of stress stimuli

Hormones of the posterior pituitary (just names) (2)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Function of antidiuretic hormone

Alters permeability of kidney's to control body fluid levels. Inversely related to urine levels - Increased ADH, decreased urine output

Function of oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions, milk letdown reflex, circadian rhythm

Function of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

Regulate growth metabolism

What secretes parathyroid hormone?

The parathyroid (bumps on thyroid)

Function of parathyroid hormone

Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism

Effects of hyperparathyroidism? Hypoparathyroidism?

Hyper - Hypercalcemia

Hypo - Hypocalcemia

Hormones produced at the adrenal glands (3)

Glucocorticoids

Sex steroids

Catecholamines

Function of glucocorticoids

Regulate protein metabolism, raise blood glucose, decrease inflammation, inhibits fibroblast proliferation at injury site

Function of sex steroids (androgens, estrogens, progesterones)

Induce secondary sex characteristics in males/females (ex. cause body hair growth)

Function of catecholamines (Epinephrine, norepinephrine)

As sympathetic agents, increase HR and force of contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessels, elevate blood glucose and increase blood lipid levels

Hormones of the pancreas (2)

Glucagon

Insulin

Function of glucagon (released from alpha cells)

Released stored glucose to raise blood glucose levels

Function of insulin (released from beta cells)

Facilitates glucose transport, promotes glucose storage, stimulates protein synthesis, enhances free fatty acid uptake and storage.

Typical blood glucose <110mg/dL

Hormones released by gonads (male and female)

Male: Testosterone

Female: Estrogen, progesterone

Hormones of adipose tissue (names) (3)

Adiponectin

Leptin

Angiotensin

Function of adiponectin, leptin, angiotensin

Control metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction

Define hypothyroidism

Deficiency of thyroid hormone, results in slowed body metabolism

SIFTT for hypothyroidism (4)

Likely to develop persistent myofascial trigger points

Association b/w hypothyroidism + fibromyalgia

Decreased metabolism negatively effects therex

Higher incidence of rhabdo

Define rhabdomyolysis

Break down of striated or skeletal muscle fibers, acute edema, excretion of myoglobin in urine. Can lead to kidney failure

Symptoms of rhabdomyolysis (2)

Unexplained muscle pain

Weakness