Calculations and the Chemical Equation Study Notes

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice questions covering chemical calculations, the mole concept, balancing equations, reaction types (redox, acid-base, precipitation), and yield based on the Chapter 4 lecture transcript.

The unit of measure for the mass of atoms is the __________.

atomic mass unit (amu)

__________ is assigned a mass of exactly $12\,amu$.

Carbon-12

The practical unit for defining a collection of atoms is the __________, abbreviated as "mol".

mole

One mole of atoms is equal to __________ atoms, also known as Avogadro's number.

$$6.022 \times 10^{23}$$

While atomic mass refers to the average mass of a single atom in amu, __________ refers to the mass of a mole of atoms in grams.

molar mass

To convert between grams and moles, the conversion factor used is __________.

molar mass

A __________ is the smallest collection of atoms or ions that provides the identity and relative number of each type of atom in a compound.

formula unit

Compounds that contain one or more water molecules as an integral part of their structure are known as __________.

hydrates

Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate is blue, while __________ copper (II) sulfate is white.

anhydrous

The __________ is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the compound as represented by its formula and is expressed in amu.

formula mass

In a chemical equation, the __________ are the starting materials written to the left of the reaction arrow.

reactants

In a chemical equation, the symbol __________ placed over the reaction arrow means that energy is necessary for the reaction to occur.

$$\Delta$$

A __________ reaction involves the joining of two or more elements or compounds to produce a single product of different composition.

combination

The reverse of a combination reaction, where a single reactant produces two or more products, is called a __________ reaction.

decomposition

In a __________ reaction, one atom replaces another in a compound to produce a new compound ($A + BC \rightarrow B + AC$).

single-replacement

A __________ reaction involves two compounds exchanging atoms to produce two new compounds ($AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$).

double-replacement

The __________ states that matter cannot be gained or lost in the process of a chemical reaction.

law of conservation of mass

To balance a chemical equation, a whole-number __________ is placed before the formula of each substance.

coefficient

A chemical change in a solution that results in one or more insoluble products is called a __________ reaction.

precipitation

In a net ionic equation, ions that do not undergo change and are cancelled out are called __________.

spectator ions

Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of a __________ ($H^+$) from one reactant to another.

hydrogen ion

When equal molar quantities of acid and base are mixed, the reaction is called a __________.

neutralization reaction

An __________ reaction involves the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

oxidation-reduction (or redox)

A substance is __________ when it loses electrons, resulting in an increased positive charge.

oxidized

A substance is __________ when it gains electrons, resulting in a decreased positive charge.

reduced

The __________ is the maximum amount of product that can be produced based on calculations.

theoretical yield

The amount of product produced when a reaction is actually performed in a laboratory is the __________.

actual yield

The formula for __________ is: $(\text{actual yield} / \text{theoretical yield}) \times 100$.

percent yield