John Stuart Mill

Individuality and Human Nature

People are naturally diverse and independent; self-expression and pursuing personal interests create culture, identity, and personal growth.

Harm Principle

Individuals should be free to act as they wish as long as they don’t harm others; preventing harm is the only legitimate reason to limit freedom.

Freedom of Thought and Expression

Debate and discussion are essential for discovering truth; silencing ideas assumes infallibility and stunts intellectual growth.

Social and Legal Oppression

Laws or social pressure that punish opinions or behavior often worsen oppression; majority opinion can be as restrictive as government rules.

Development of Human Potential

Liberty and free thought allow people to develop reasoning, critical thinking, and moral courage; conformity and fear stunt growth.