Biology Unit 2 Exam Fritz UT AUSTIN AHHHHHHHHHhh

Miller-Vrey Experiment

Showed that early macromolecules needed for life could be created in presence of NH3, H2, CH4, but no O2.

Origin Of Plants

Mitochondria endosymbiosis first, THEN chloroplasts.

Origin of metabolic process.

Photosynthesis evolved first, THEN aerobic respiration. (Cant AR without O2.

Endosymbiosis

Infolding of outer membrane of eukaryote forms membrane bound counterparts. Free-living cells like (mitochondira/chloroplast ancestors) are engulfing by other living cells.

Nucleosome

DNA tightly wound around a histone protein, unable to be used transcription, replication, etc.

3 Classes of photosynthetic life

Multicellular Photosynthetic Plants

Single Cellular Photosynthetic Protists

Single Cellular Photosynthetic Bacteria

Endomembrane System

1. mRNA produced by nucleus is translated by bound ribosome in rough ER.

2. Membrane/Protein/Lipid produced by ER transported to Golgi apparatus by vesicles.

3. Golgi pinches off into vesicles that become lysosomes, or flower out into membrane bound proteins or secreted proteins.

Cell Membrane

Cell-Cell communication, Selective permeability, separates exterior from interior.

Made of 4 components;

Phospholipid Bilayer

Cholesterol

Glycoprotein (Transmembrane Protein)

Communication Carbs (EX; antibodies)

Fimbrae

Not an organelle Surface appendages that allow for attachment to other surfaces. Prokaryotic

Capsul

Not an organelle, Sticky gel coat outside cell. Prokaryotic

Nucleoid Region

Houses prokaryotic chromosomes, not membrane bound

Ribosome

Not an organelle. Synthesizes proteins, translates mRNA. Made of two subunits.

Cell Wall

Structure/Support. Made of proteins, cellulose, and plasmodesmata.`

Chloroplast

Double membrane, site of photosynthesis, has DNA/ribosomes.

Central Vacuole

Water storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of macromolecules, homeostasis

Mitochondria

Double Membrane, site of celluar respiration, own DNA/ribosomes.Ro

Rough Er

Extensive network of membrane connected to nuclear envelope to translate mRNA with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

synthesis of oils, steroids, new membrane phospholipids and carbs.

Also drug detoxification, storage of calcium ions

Glogi appartus

Sorts, packages, and modifies proteins.

Nucleus

Transcription, assembles ribosomes, has loose euchromatin to transcribe, or tight hetrochromatin for when ready to divide.P

Peroxisome

Metabolic function, breakdown/detoxifcation, creates hydrogen peroxide and coverts it to H2O.

Lysosome

Hydrolyzes macromolecules. Fuses with food vacuoles to digest.

Microtubules

Seperate chromosomes during anaphase, construct flagella/cila.

Microfilaments

Allow for molecules transport in cell. Form cleavage furrow during telophase. Muscle Contraction

Intermediate Filaments

Cell-Cell Adhesion and anchoring organelle in cell.

Speed of Diffusion

Size of Molecules

Temperature of solution

Strength of gradient

Molecules that undergo simple diffusion

O2, CO2, Ethanol, Steroids and Fatty Acids, Nitrous Oxide

Carrier Protein

Binds to solute, changes, releases solute.

Channel Protein

Gate that opens allowing rapid diffusion of particles.

1. Maintains electrochemical gradient across membrane

2. Open in response to stimulus to allow ion flow

3. Close to allow electrochemical gradient to reform.

Active Transport

1. Specific solute binds to protein pump

2. hydrolysis of atp causes shape change in protein pump.

3. solute molecule moves across membrane to area of high concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

More solution inside cell, causes cells to lyse

Hypertonic solution

More solute outside cell, causes cell to shrivel.

Cell Stimulus

Reception; cells receive signal from other membrane or intracellular receptor.

Transduction; chemical reactions, often phosphorylation, activate target molecule.

Response; change in metabolism, change across membrane, change in gene expression.

Direct Signaling

gap junctions touch on cells, allow quick communication with cells while remaining independent.

Paracrine signaling

Ligands move by diffusion through extracellular matrix, elicit quick short responses, ligands removed by enzymes/neighboring cells quickly.

Endocrine signaling

Hormones travel through bloodstream and reach target cell in low concentrations

Autocrine signaling

Most important during development, regulates pain, inflammation, programmed cell death, and celluar differentiation during development.

G protein coupled receptor

Receptor Tyrosine-Kinase Protein

Two structures requiring ligands, using 6 ATP to produce celluar reactions.

Catabolic/Excergonic

Releases Energy,

Spontaneous

DeltaG is negative

Anabolic/Endogonic

Consumes energy

Nonspontaneous

DeltaG is positive

Ezynmes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy, provide active sites for substrates to intermolecularly bind.

Transition state molecule

Stressed by enzyme, ready to reaction.

Requirements For Enzyme affected reaction

1. Must collide w/ enzyme

2. Sufficient activation energy

3. Molecules have proper orientations.

Cofactor

enzyme “helper molecule”, inorganic ion, initiate transition state in substrate

Coenzyme

Organic nonproteins, carry chemical groups between enzyme. Chemical inhibitors of enzyme.

Prosthetic Group

covalently bound non-amino acid components of an enzyme

Competitive Inhibitor

Similar shape to substrate, effect is reduced in high concentration of substrate, acts as a plug.

Non-competitive inhibitor

doesnt bind to active site, but changes shape of active site.

Kinases

enzyme that add phosphate groups

Phosphatases

Enzymes that remove phosphate groups.