Hnrs Wrold History 9 Cosgriff Civilizations Midterm
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Minoans
\- Early civilization and European civilization. Located in Crete.
\- Minoans crossed seas of Nile Valley/Middle East -> Contact w/ older civilizations of Egypt/Mesopotamia -> acquired artistic/tech developments/ideas adapted to their culture.
\- Systems of writing developed. Prosperous economy (success based on trade, not conquest)
\-> exported wool, timber, wine, food
\- Minoans crossed seas of Nile Valley/Middle East -> Contact w/ older civilizations of Egypt/Mesopotamia -> acquired artistic/tech developments/ideas adapted to their culture.
\- Systems of writing developed. Prosperous economy (success based on trade, not conquest)
\-> exported wool, timber, wine, food
2
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Phoenicians
\- Not an empire, gained fame as sailors/traders
\- Occupied a string of cities along Eastern Mediterranean coast
\- Set up colonies from North Africa -> Sicily and Spain
\- Called "Carriers of Civilization" b/c they spread culture through trade
\- Occupied a string of cities along Eastern Mediterranean coast
\- Set up colonies from North Africa -> Sicily and Spain
\- Called "Carriers of Civilization" b/c they spread culture through trade
3
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Inuits
\- Aka Eskimo
\- 2K BC
\- Igloos in climate of Arctic in Northern Canada
\- Kayaks/Dog sleds for transport
\- Arctic; adapted to environment by using skins for clothing, bones for needles/tools, oil for cooking, food
\- 2K BC
\- Igloos in climate of Arctic in Northern Canada
\- Kayaks/Dog sleds for transport
\- Arctic; adapted to environment by using skins for clothing, bones for needles/tools, oil for cooking, food
4
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Aztec
\- Originally nomadic travelers
\- Built capital Tenochtitlan on Take Texcoco (Chinampas, canals)
\- Greatly expanded territory across most of Mexico
\- Complex, well-ordered, single ruler, not city-state
\- War brought wealth through tribute
\- Polytheistic and had schools, had much knowledge
\- Spanish armies overran Aztecs
\- Built capital Tenochtitlan on Take Texcoco (Chinampas, canals)
\- Greatly expanded territory across most of Mexico
\- Complex, well-ordered, single ruler, not city-state
\- War brought wealth through tribute
\- Polytheistic and had schools, had much knowledge
\- Spanish armies overran Aztecs
5
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Maya
\- city-states on Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico and thru much of central
\- Not united Politically
\- Slash and burn agriculture, fields above to crops above flood water
\- Polytheistic
\- Person's spirit associated w/ animals
\- Hieroglyphics
\- Declined perhaps due to warfare/overpopulation
\- Not united Politically
\- Slash and burn agriculture, fields above to crops above flood water
\- Polytheistic
\- Person's spirit associated w/ animals
\- Hieroglyphics
\- Declined perhaps due to warfare/overpopulation
6
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Inca
\- Civilization begins w/ founding of its dynasty
\- Cuzco-capital stretched over 2500 miles, Inca went on conquest
\- Ruler Sapa-Inca. Divine and empire's religious leader and laid claim to all land.
\- People had no personal property, little demand barter/sell. (Smaller trade role).
\- Efficient govt. ruled by nobles and chieftans -> Below were officials
\- No writing system, used Quipo, Quecho language =. Best road networks. Terrace farming, metalwork, hearing, anesthesia
\- Cuzco-capital stretched over 2500 miles, Inca went on conquest
\- Ruler Sapa-Inca. Divine and empire's religious leader and laid claim to all land.
\- People had no personal property, little demand barter/sell. (Smaller trade role).
\- Efficient govt. ruled by nobles and chieftans -> Below were officials
\- No writing system, used Quipo, Quecho language =. Best road networks. Terrace farming, metalwork, hearing, anesthesia
7
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Sumer
\- Developed in southeastern Mesopotamia 3300 BC
\- Invented writing and developed basic algebra and geometry , developed calendars.
\- World's first civilization
\- Traders traveled as far as Egypt/India to deliver goods.
\- Sumerian social hierarchy:
1. ruling family/leading officials/high priests
2. priests/merchants/scribes/artisans
3. peasant farmers
4. slaves (captured in war)
\- Women had higher status and rights but not as much as men (learned writing and music through written songs/supervisory powers)
\- Developed cuneiform, advanced math, astronomy, arts, tech. (potters wheel, lyre, intricate jewelry, basic alg. and geo. and #6 system, accurate calendars)
\- Invented writing and developed basic algebra and geometry , developed calendars.
\- World's first civilization
\- Traders traveled as far as Egypt/India to deliver goods.
\- Sumerian social hierarchy:
1. ruling family/leading officials/high priests
2. priests/merchants/scribes/artisans
3. peasant farmers
4. slaves (captured in war)
\- Women had higher status and rights but not as much as men (learned writing and music through written songs/supervisory powers)
\- Developed cuneiform, advanced math, astronomy, arts, tech. (potters wheel, lyre, intricate jewelry, basic alg. and geo. and #6 system, accurate calendars)
8
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Hittites
\- Migrated from Asia Minor -> Mesopotamia in 1400 BC
\- New tech: iron tools, which were stronger and more affordable
\- Tried to keep a secret, but when fell, ironmaking spread.
\- New tech: iron tools, which were stronger and more affordable
\- Tried to keep a secret, but when fell, ironmaking spread.
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Egypt
\- Consisted of old, middle and new kingdoms eras.
- Old: 2575 - 2130 BC and had pharaohs (w/ centralized state), pyramids. Fell to power struggles/crop failures/cost of pyramids
- Middle: 1938 - 1630 BC and was a turbulent period (Nile didn't flood regularly => poor farming. Corruption/rebellion (Invasion of Hyksos for 100 yrs)
- New: After Hyksos was driven out btwn 1539 - 1075 BC and powerful ambitious pharaohs -> large empire with flourishment. 1450 BC height, spread to Syria and trade.
- Old: 2575 - 2130 BC and had pharaohs (w/ centralized state), pyramids. Fell to power struggles/crop failures/cost of pyramids
- Middle: 1938 - 1630 BC and was a turbulent period (Nile didn't flood regularly => poor farming. Corruption/rebellion (Invasion of Hyksos for 100 yrs)
- New: After Hyksos was driven out btwn 1539 - 1075 BC and powerful ambitious pharaohs -> large empire with flourishment. 1450 BC height, spread to Syria and trade.