transes wk 2

Individual Cultural Competence

Refers to the care provided for an individual client by one or more nurses, physicians, social workers, and/or other healthcare, education, or social service professionals.

Organizational Cultural Competence

Focuses on the collective competencies of members of an organization and their effectiveness in meeting the diverse needs of clients, patients, staff, and communities.

Two Major Categories of Cultural Competence

1. Individual Cultural Competence 2. Organizational Cultural Competence

Effective Communication

The ability to assess the client's ability to read, write, speak, and understand messages while showing sincere interest, patience, and willingness to resolve misunderstandings.

Communication in Modern Society

May require literacy in computers, smartphones, and technology-assisted medical or health devices.

Self-Awareness

The understanding that humans are complex biological, cultural, psychosocial, and spiritual beings who experience health and illness throughout life.

Importance of Self-Awareness

Recognizes that every person deserves safe, accessible, and affordable healthcare regardless of nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, religion, sexual orientation, or other characteristics.

Interprofessional Healthcare Team

1. Client 2. Client's Family 3. Credentialed Health Professionals 4. Folk, Indigenous People, or Traditional Healers 5. Religious Leaders

Language

Refers to what is being said during communication.

Paralanguage

Refers to how something is said and includes aspects of voice that are not part of the verbal message.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication without words through facial expressions, gestures, posture, body language, and physical distance.

Proxemics

The study of how people use space and how distance affects communication.

Important Aspects of Communication

1. Language 2. Interpreters 3. Greetings 4. Silence 5. Eye Contact and Facial Expressions 6. Gestures 7. Posture 8. Chronemics 9. Modesty 10. Technology-Assisted Communication 11. Literature, Arts, Music, and Dance

Interpreters

People who help bridge communication when nurses and clients speak different languages.

Challenge with Interpreters

Cross-cultural communication becomes difficult when nurses and clients do not share the same language.

Greetings

Cultural practices used at the beginning of interactions that may require formal titles as a sign of respect.

Eye Contact

A form of nonverbal communication that helps set the tone of interaction but differs among cultures.

Facial Expressions

Nonverbal expressions that reveal emotions such as happiness through smiling or sadness through crying.

Occulistics

The use of eye behavior, such as eye rolling, which may communicate attitudes or reactions.

Gestures

Movements that communicate meaning without words.

Emblems

Gestures that serve the same function as words, such as thumbs up, okay sign, or come here gesture.

Illustrators

Gestures that accompany words to explain or emphasize a verbal message.

Posture

A form of nonverbal communication shown through body position and personal space.

Intimate Space

The distance from touching to about 1 foot, usually reserved for whispering and embracing.

Personal Space

The distance of about 2 to 4 feet used among family and friends.

Social Space

The distance of about 4 to 10 feet used for communication among coworkers or strangers.

Public Space

The distance of about 12 to 25 feet maintained between a speaker and audience.

Chronemics

The study of the use of time in nonverbal communication.

Monochronic Time

A way of viewing time that focuses on schedules, punctuality, and doing one task at a time.

Polychronic Time

A way of viewing time that allows multiple activities and flexible use of time.

Modesty

A form of verbal and nonverbal communication involving reserve or propriety in speech, dress, or behavior.

Culture

The totality of socially transmitted behavioral patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways, and other products of human work and thought that guide a population's worldview and decision-making.

Attitude

A state of mind or feeling about an aspect of culture. Attitudes are learned and may influence how people view other cultures.

Belief

Something accepted as true, especially a tenet or body of beliefs accepted by people in an ethnocultural group.

Ideology

The thoughts and beliefs that reflect the social needs and aspirations of an individual or ethnocultural group.

Cultural Knowledge

Information that characterizes a particular culture, including cultural dimensions and explanations of why people behave in certain ways.

Cultural Awareness

The appreciation of external signs of diversity such as arts, music, clothing, food, and physical characteristics.

Cultural Sensitivity

Personal attitudes and behaviors that prevent saying or doing things that may offend people from different cultures or ethnic groups.

Cultural Competence in Health Care

Having the knowledge, abilities, and skills to provide care that is consistent with the patient's cultural beliefs and practices.

Importance of Cultural Competence in Nursing

Helps nurses understand, communicate, and interact effectively with patients while respecting their cultural beliefs, values, and practices.

Culturally Competent Care

Requires understanding the nurse-patient relationship, learning cultural practices, developing communication skills, and maintaining a positive attitude toward cultural differences.

Five Core Building Blocks of Cultural Competence

1. Cultural Awareness 2. Cultural Knowledge 3. Cultural Skills 4. Cultural Encounter 5. Cultural Desire

Cultural Awareness

Examining oneself, removing prejudices toward other cultures, and developing the right attitude to provide quality healthcare.

Cultural Knowledge

Searching for information about patients' cultures and beliefs to better understand and interact with them.

Cultural Skills

The ability to collect relevant cultural data and use it to create meaningful cross-cultural interactions.

Cultural Encounter

Interacting with people from different backgrounds, cultures, and ethnicities to improve cultural competence.

Cultural Desire

The motivation and willingness to learn about other cultures, accept differences, and understand diverse people.

Examples of Cultural Competence in Nursing

1. Speaking in terms patients can easily understand. 2. Respecting patients' beliefs and religious backgrounds. 3. Showing empathy. 4. Valuing individuality and strengths.

Cultural Diversity

The existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society.

Nationality

A person's membership in a nation or country that influences cultural identity and worldview.

Race

A classification related to physical characteristics and ancestry.

Color

A physical characteristic, such as skin color, that may influence cultural identity and experiences.

Age

A factor that affects worldview; some cultures give older people increased respect and value.

Religious Affiliation

A person's religious identity or beliefs that may influence health practices and worldview.

Educational Status

A factor that affects knowledge base and decision-making.

Socioeconomic Status

A person's economic and social position that may affect access to and use of healthcare.

Occupation

A person's work or profession that may influence health risks, knowledge, and lifestyle.

Military Experience

Experience that may influence views about authority, hierarchy, and decision-making.

Political Beliefs

Ideas and values related to politics that may influence worldview and migration decisions.

Urban Versus Rural Residence

The location where a person lives that may affect ideology, health risks, and healthcare access.

Enclave Identity

Identification with an ethnic community where people may maintain traditional cultural practices.

Marital Status

A characteristic that may influence worldview and life perspectives.

Parental Status

A condition that may change a person's worldview after becoming responsible for raising children.

Sexual Orientation

A characteristic related to patterns of attraction and identity that may influence experiences and healthcare needs.

Sex and Gender

Characteristics involving biological sex and gender identity that may influence health concerns and social experiences.

Physical Characteristics

Features such as height, weight, hair color, and skin color that may influence self-image and how others perceive a person.

Immigration Status

The status of being a sojourner, immigrant, or undocumented person that may influence worldview and adaptation.

Length of Time Away From Country of Origin

The amount of time away from one's original culture that may affect acculturation and assimilation.

Cultural Universality

Anything common that exists in every human culture but varies among different cultures.

Examples of Cultural Universality

Gender roles, incest taboo, religious and healing rituals, mythology, marriage, language, art, dance, music, cooking, games, jokes, sports, birth, and death rituals.

Racism

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against people based on membership in a racial or ethnic group, usually a minority or marginalized group.