Interwar Period

Based on Western Civilizations (Brief Edition) (Volume 2) by Cole and Symes. It is recommended to start with the definition when doing flashcards.

Whites

The enemies of the Bolsheviks, who were loosely bound by their goal to remove the “Reds” from power.

Insurrections

Both the White Armies and the Bolsheviks faced_________in former parts of the Russian Empire.

Mistrust Of The Capitalist World

Outside support for the Whites heightened the Bolshevik’s…

The support of the majority of the population

Helping them win the civil war, the Bolsheviks gained…

Organized For The War Effort

During the civil war, the Bolsheviks were better…

Poland

After winning the civil war, the Bolsheviks decided to invade this nation. Their victory outside their capital in August of 1920 prevented the Bolsheviks from pursuing their plan to connect with communists in Germany and spread their revolution to western Europe.

Cheka

A political police instituted during the Russian Civil War that institutionalized a system of terror, executing and sending to detention camps opponents of the regime.

Lasting Hatred

The barbarism of the Russian Civil War created________among people living in the Soviet Union, especially among ethnic minorities

Commissar Of War

Title given to Leon Trotsky during the civil war, who created a disciplined military machine that grew to 5 million men by 1920.

War Communism

A more radical economic stance that the Bolsheviks were forced to take during the civil war. It requisitioned grain from the peasantry and outlawed private trade in consumer goods as “speculation,” as well as militarizing production facilities and abolishing money.

State-Capitalist System

After taking power in 1917, Vladimir Lenin expected to create, for the short term at least, a…

Devastated

Industry in Russia was_______as a result of the civil war.

Severely Disrupted

The agricultural system in Russia was_______as a result of the civil war.

Lost Population

As a result of the civil war, cities in Russia…

Public Opposition Won’t Be Tolerated

Through their response to the strikes and protests after the war, the Bolshevik regime that emerged from the civil war made a clear statement that….

New Economic Policy

In the Soviet Union, this was a policy where the state still controlled all major industry and financial concerns, while individuals could own private property, trade freely within limits, and farm their own land for their own benefit. .

Nikolai Bukharin

Marxist theoretician that was a strong supporter of the NEP who argued that the Bolsheviks could best industrialize the Soviet Union by taxing private peasant economic activity. Stalin expelled him from the politburo and later had him killed.

Successful

The NEP was undeniably________in allowing Soviet agriculture to recover from the civil war

Fixed Taxes

The NEP replaced grain requisition with….

Mixed

The Soviet economy under the NEP could be described as a________economy

Participate In Markets To Benefit Urban Areas

The NEP was not that successful in encouraging peasants to…

Peasant Communes

As a result of the NEP, the power of________were reasserted

Revolution From Above

The massive program of social and economic modernization in the late 1920s in the Soviet Union could be described as a…

Political Strategist

Joseph Stalin could be described as a master…

Isolated, Expelled

After Lenin’s death, Stalin_____and_____his opponents within the Bolshevik party, including Trotsky and Bukharin.

Couldn’t Industrialize

Joseph Stalin believed that the nation________by relying on taxes from farmers.

Increasing

Joseph Stalin was a big supporter of________ industrialization within the Soviet Union

Collectivization

Stalin’s plan for nationalizing agricultural production, begun in 1929. Twenty-five million peasants were forced to give up their land and join 250,000 large collective farms. Many who resisted were deported to labor camps in the Far East, and Stalin’s government cut off food rations to those areas most marked by resistance to this.

Resistance

After Stalin forced collectivization onto farmers, many responded with…

Their Land, Collective Farms

Under collectivization, farmers were forced to give up_______and join________

Kulak

Originally used as a term to describe peasants who owned over 3 ha of land towards the end of the Russian Empire, it was eventually used as a derogatory term by Stalin, often for peasants that were hostile to collectivization.

Devastating Famine

By removing knowledgeable farmers from their land and forcing people into collective farms, Stalin’s policies led to a…

Little Incentive

Peasants who were forced into collective farms by Stalin had_______to produce extra food

Large-Scale Grain Reserves, Refused

During the 1930s, the Bolsheviks had__________that they could have sent to people to help save lives, but they_________to do so

Five Year Plan

A series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union that laid out Stalin’s goals of forced industrialization. It resulted in one of the most stunning periods of economic growth the modern world has ever seen.

Industries, Cities

As a result of the Five Year Plan, new_______were built in entirely new________

Urban, Industrial

The Five Year Plan helped the Soviet Union become an________and________society

Prison Labor

Large-scale industrial projects in the Soviet Union were often carried out using….

Structural Problems

The economic system created during this period was filled with _________ that would plague the Soviet Union throughout its history.

Quantity, Quality

Industry in the Soviet Union often favored_______over______, eventually causing problems for the nation economically.

Rural Traditions

In the early days of the Soviet Union, new peasants arriving in cities brought________to them

Women

In the 1930s in the Soviet Union, the number of_______in the workforce increased exponentially

Conservative Shift

Culturally, there was a________during Stalin’s rule

Great Terror

The systematic murder of nearly a million people and the deportation of another million and a half to labor camps by Stalin’s regime in an attempt to consolidate power and remove perceived enemies.

Government, Military, and the Economy

Stalin’s purges disrupted the…

Army Officers

Stalin killed between 35,000 and 41,000 of these people, including 90% of those that were the highest ranking.

Internal “Enemies”

The purges in the Soviet Union were aimed at various categories of…

Political Elites

Joseph Stalin killed a large amount of these people during the purges, including former colleagues of Lenin and Trotsky as well as Nikolai Bukharin.

Ethnic Groups

Joseph Stalin viewed entire_______with suspicion due to the fact that they were viewed as a security threat due to their cross border ties. He arrested and killed hundreds of thousands of them during his purges.

Control, Most Talented

Stalin’s purges solidified his________, but also removed some of the________people from society

Social Reform, Dropped, Made Available

Despite its many negative aspects, Stalin’s rule saw advances in___________, as illiteracy rates________and high education was______________to increasingly large numbers

Working Mothers, Free

During Stalin’s rule, he established government assistance for__________and made hospitalization________

Land

Upsetting many Italians, during World War I the allies promised them with______in which they never received.

Seized Fiume

In 1919, groups of militant nationalists led by Italian poet and nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio….

Prosperous Industrialized, Poor Agrarian

In Italy since its unification, there was a divide between the _______north and the_______south

Inflation And High Unemployment

In Italy after World War I, there was a period of…

Strikes

These became increasingly large and frequent after World War I in Italy, upsetting business elites.

High prices, speculation, and profiteering

Inflation in Italy after World War I produced…

Socialism

After World War I, this rose among workers in Italy, as people were upset with the parliamentary government that was set up after the war that failed to ease dire conditions. Workers who believed in this seized scores of factories, most in the metallurgy sector, and tried to run them for the benefit of the workers.

Red Leagues

In some rural areas in Italy after World War I, these groups tried to break up large estates and force landlords to reduce their rents.

Local Radicalism

The Russian Revolution encouraged the development of________after World War I in Italy, although it was only vaguely understood.

Land Reform

In the Italian countryside after World War I, there were demands for________among rural laborers that grew militant.

Afraid, Surge To The Right

In Italy after World War I, many people, including industrialists and landowners, became_______ due to the left’s radicalism, causing a strong________

Isolated

In Italy after World War I, many white-collar workers felt________from the radical socialists and the business elites.

Fasci

Shortened name for the groups that Mussolini started organizing as early as October 1914 to help drum up support for the war. These were made up of young idealists and fanatical nationalists.

Arouse Support For War

In the 1910s, Mussolini often used his newspaper Il Popolo d’Italia to….

Original platform of the Fascist Party

In 1919, Mussolini drafted this, which had several surprising elements, such as universal suffrage (including for women), an eight-hour workday, and a tax on inheritances

Attacked

The fascists in Italy often_______militant industrial workers and peasants, as well as socialists.

Coercive Politics

Benito Mussolini used________to make himself seem like a solution to the absence of leadership in Italy.

March On Rome

An organized mass demonstration in October 1922 which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy. The demonstration brought several tens of thousands fascist militia members to the outskirts of the capital.

Use the army against Mussolini’s supporters

During the March on Rome, the Italian government wanted to do this, but King Victor Emmanuel III refused.

Invited, New Government

King Victor Emmanuel III_______Mussolini to form a__________as a result of the March on Rome

Provisions Of The Italian Constitution

Mussolini’s accession to the head of the government conformed to the….

Statism, Nationalism, Militarism

The three components of Italian fascism.

Electoral Laws

One of Mussolini’s first moves as prime minister were to change these laws.

Parliamentary government and other political parties

After changing laws, Mussolini moved to close down….

The Party’s Militia

Benito Mussolini used this to eliminate his enemies through intimidation and violence.

Duce

Italian title given to Mussolini as he assumed the title of party leader and prime minister.

Class Conflict

Benito Mussolini often preached the end of…

22 Corporations

Benito Mussolini placed the Italian economy under the management of…

Roman Catholic Church

By signing a treaty, in 1929 Mussolini settled Italy’s sixty-year-old conflict with the…

State-Sponsored Programs

Mussolini secured some working-class support with…

Infiltrate The Bureaucracy

Although party officers in fascist Italy exercised some political supervision over them, they did not___________in signifigant numbers

Private Enterprise

The economy in Italy under Mussolini remained dependent on…

The Economy

This improved initially during Mussolini’s rule, and Mussolini used it to gain popularity. However, it eventually got worse again in the 1930s.

Did Little

Fascism_______to improve Italy’s plight during the worldwide depression of the 1930s.

Political Involvement

The fascist government in Italy gave people feelings of_______, yet they had no rights in that area.

Traditional Authority, Mobilize All Of

Mussolini had a desire to return to_________, yet he sought out to_______Italian society for economic and nationalist purposes

An armed uprising against the new government

In December 1918 and January 1919 in Berlin, socialists and communists who wanted radical reforms staged…

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

These two communist leaders were murdered by the new German government, becoming instant martyrs in the eyes of the left

Bitterness

The violence in 1918 and 1919 in Germany gave people on the left lasting feelings of…

Cautious, Democratic

After taking power after World War I in 1918, the new government in Germany could be described as steering a_______and_______course, upsetting those on the far left

Freikorps

Paramilitary volunteer units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries in Germany. During the revolution of 1918-1919, they acted as counterrevolutionaries to the uprising and attacked left-wing groups, communists, and Poles.

Veterans And Young Nationalists

The Freikorps was largely made up of…

Right Wing

On the political spectrum, the Freikorps were fiercely…

Parliamentary Democracy

The members of the Freikorps openly opposed the_________of the new German republic

Socialists, Catholic Centrists, and Liberal Democrats

The new Weimar Republic rested on a coalition of…

Parliamentary Liberalism

The Weimar constitution was based on the values of….

Civil Liberties and Social Entitlements

The Weimar constitution’s bill of rights guaranteed…

Betrayed

Many people in Germany after World War I falsely believed that their nation was_______by Socialist and Jewish leaders during the war