IB HL Geography Unit 1 - Changing Population

Population Distribution

The spatial pattern of where people live.

Population Density

The number of people in a given area. People/km²

Physical Factors of Population Distribution

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Climate

Direct by temperature and precipitation, indirect due to its effects on soil and vegetation,

Relief, altitude, latitude

Low lying flat areas are favorable in high latitudes, where higher elevation is favorable in lower latitudes.

Water supply

Humans must have an adequate amount of freshwater to support domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities.

Natural resources

Attract population and settlements at varying degrees. Economic opportunity.

Soils/land fertility

Support successful agriculture

Human Factors

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Employment

Job opportunities are important

Primary industry

agriculture, population is low and evenly distributed.

Secondary industry

Less reliant on agriculture, more people move to urban areas.

Tertiary industry

People are all over the place as many jobs exist.

Communications and accessibility

Mostly in coastal areas, import and export opportunities.

Government policy

Has significant impact especially when state control is powerful.

Wars

Cause significant relocation of populations

History

Areas in the world with a long history of settlement tend to be more densely populated.

Economic development

The transition from primary industries to tertiary industries.

Economic development can be broken down into….

Economic indicators and social indicators.

GDP

The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time

GNI

The total value of goods and services produced within a country, plus income and payments from abroad.

Purchasing power parity

Accounts for cost of living. Higher in HICs, lower in LICS.

Demographic Transition Model

Pop. change model that tries to generalize how population changes over time from pre-industrial societies to today.

Natural change

Birth rates minus death rates: the rate a population increases in percent. If deaths exceed births then there is a natural decrease.

Fertility rate

Average number of children per woman in a country during her childbearing years.

Replacement rate

The fertility rate needed for the population to remain stable, excluding migration. 2.1

Life expectancy at birth

Average number of years a person can expect to live based on their nationality

Sex ratio

Ratio of males to females

Dependency ratio

(Number of dependents / population ages 15-64) x 100

Population momentum

population growth/decline which continues despite the fertility rates falling/increasing because of a large “fertile population”

Population projection

an estimate/prediction

DTM Stage 1

High Birth, High death, stable or slow population increase

Stage 2

High birth, falling death, rapid increase

Stage 3

Falling birth, falling death, increase slows

Stage 4

Births low, deaths low, pop falling then stable

Stage 5

Very low birth, low death, negative or very low increase