Platform Technologies | Modern Client and Server Operating System (copy)

• MS-DOS, including versions 1.0/2.0, 3.1, and 6.22

• Windows, including 3.1, NT, 95, XP, Windows 10, and Windows Server 2003

Microsoft OS two (2) branches and milestone versions:

MS-DOS 1.0

Also called PC DOS market by IBM in 1981

MS-DOS 2.0

Released in 1983, and it supports 10MB HDD.

MS-DOS 3.1

Released in 1984 and it is the 1st version that support network.

MS-DOS 6.22

From 1984-1994 and supports large drives, better memory, and device driver support.

Windows 3.1

• Released in 1992

• It was the first popular usable of Microsoft GUI.

Windows NT (Novell Netware)

• This OS was called Windows New Technology, or Windows NT.

• It was first announced in 1991 and released in 1993.

• Networking Support

  • Compatible with IBM mainframes, UNIX computers, Macintosh computers, Novell NetWare servers, all Windows-based computers, and others.

• Security

  • Required the user to log on and be authenticated by submitting a username and password to gain access to the computer.

Windows NT was offered in two versions:

1. Windows NT Workstation

2. Windows NT Server

• The looks and feel of this OS became the standard of all

  Windows OSs.

Windows 95

Windows 95 features

• The Windows desktop

• Plug and Play

• ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM)

• The registry

• Multitasking and multithreading

• Enhanced network and Internet capabilities

Windows 98

Supported newer hardware standards, such as Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Windows Millenium Edition (ME)

• It was developed for home computer users

• These applications included playing music, storing family photos, playing games, and accessing the Internet.

Windows 2000

• Released in February 2000.

• Support virtual private networks (VPNs).

VPN

It is a private network that provides authentication and encryption while running over a non-secure network such as the Internet or an enterprise network.

• Active Directory

• Distributed network architecture

• Kerberos security

• IntelliMirror

• International language compatibility

New features in Windows 2000:

Active Directory

• It is a service that is the core component of a Windows domain environment.

• It provides a single point of user authentication and authorization and domain client and server management.

Distributed network architecture

Design and organizational structure of network resources in a decentralized manner aimed at improving scalability, reliability, and management efficiency.

Kerberos Security

It is a security system and authentication protocol that authenticates users and grants or denies access to network resources based on a user’s log-on name and password.

IntelliMirror

It was a concept built into Windows 2000 intended to enable Windows 2000 clients to access the same desktop settings, applications, and files from wherever they accessed the network, even if they were not connected.

International Language Compatibility

Windows 2000 supported more languages and language capabilities than previous versions of Windows

Windows 2000 Server

The server version had three editions:

1. Server

2. Advanced Server; and

3. Datacenter Server

Windows 2000 Professional

It was the client version of the OS and was designed to run applications efficiently and access network resources and services.

Windows XP

• It was the first Windows OS that required activation after installation.

• Was the desktop version of the operating system

Windows Server 2003

• The server version of the operating system.

Windows 7

• It was introduced in 2009.

• It was developed to address many issues and criticisms associated with Windows Vista.

• Included Windows Service Hardening (WSH)

Windows Service Hardening (WSH)

• Restricts a service from performing activities in critical OS structures that could harm the operating system.

• This feature limits the damage malware can do to a service it compromises.

• A more comprehensive firewall

• User Account Protection

• Windows Defender

Additional security features in Windows 7:

Windows Server 2008

• Released in February 2008

• Read-only domain controller

• Failover cluster

• Network load-balancing (NIB) cluster

• Hyper-V

• Self-Healing NTFs

• Server Core

• Server Manager

New and enhanced features of Windows Server 2008:

Read-only domain controller

• It is a type of domain controller

• Designed for scenarios where a full writeable domain controller is not suitable due to security or connectivity reasons.

Failover Cluster

It is a server OS feature in which two or more servers are tightly linked; one server is the active server and the others are considered standby servers.

Network Load-balancing (NIB) Cluster

It is a server configuration where server clusters provide scalability and fault tolerance.

Hyper-V

It is a hypervisor service that allows Windows Server to host multiple virtual machines.

Self-Healing NTFS

The utility runs in the background to correct hard disk problems.

Server Core

It is a powerful option for Windows Server installations where minimizing the attack surface, optimizing performance, and reducing resource usage are priorities.

Server Manager

• It combines and replaces the Manage Your Server, Configure Your Server, and Security Configuration wizards found in Windows Server 2003.

• It centralizes these features and provides one location to set up, deploy, and manage servers, add server roles, and check the status of servers.

Windows 8

It was released in October 2012

Windows 8.1

Was released in October 2013.

• User interface changes

• Security enhancements

• Client Hyper-V

Improved features in Windows 8/8.1

User Interfaces Changes

Clicking the Start button opens the Start screen, but right-clicking it gives administrators and power users quick access to frequently used administrative tools.

Security Enhancements

• Windows 8/8.1 added the option to sign in with a Microsoft online account rather than using a local user account and password.

• New recovery options allow you to refresh your PC without losing any files or to reset the machine to factory settings and completely start over.

Client Hyper-V

Uses the same virtualization technology that is found on Windows Server, allowing you to run multiple OSs on a single physical computer.

• Server Core

• Minimal server interface

• Hyper-V 3.0

• PowerShell 4.0

• Storage space

• Resilient File System (ReFS)

• Dynamic Access Control (DAC)

New features seen in Windows Server 2012:

Windows 10

It was released in 2015

Windows 11

It was released in 2021

• Feature releases (Windows 10 v1507, v1909)

• Virtual desktops

• Return of the Start button

• Microsoft Edge Web browser

• Cortana digital assistant

• Quick access

• Universal application architecture

• Sign-in options

• Windows Sandbox

Features in Windows 10/11:

Windows Server 2016

Released in the fall of 2016

• Hyper V

• Nano Server

• Windows Container

Features of Windows Server 2016:

• Was announced on March 20, 2018

• Released on October 2, 2018

Windows Server 2019

• Windows Admin Center

• Server Core and container improvements

• Better Linux options

Features of Windows Server 2019:

Windows Server 2022

• Released in August 2021

1. The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) standard; or

2. The System V Release 4 (SVR4) standard

Versions of UNIX today adhere to one of the two main design standards:

GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment)

• It is a graphical user interface (GUI) and set of computer desktop applications for Linux operating system (OS) users.

• All networking functions in Linux are based on the BSD networking model, which provides support for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

UNIX and UNIX-Like Operating Systems

Linux

• It is the most common OS for Web servers, mail servers, and many other internet-based applications.

• One reason it is so popular with IT professionals and software

  developers is that an extensive range of programming tools come

  preinstalled or are available for free download.

• A shell is a command-line interface that allows users to interact

  with the operating system.

MacOS

• Was released in 2016.

• It is built on Darwin, an open-source, UNIX-like OS released by Apple in 2000.

1. Ubuntu 24.04 LTS

2. Fedora 42

3. Debian 13 ("Trixie")

4. openSUSE Leap 16.4

5. Arch Linux

As of August 2024, some of the latest and notable Linux distributions include:

Ubuntu 24.04 LTS

Released in April 2024

Fedora 42

Released in July 2024

Debian 13 (“Trixie“)

It was released in June 2024

openSUSE Leap 16.4

Released in July 2024

MacOS X

Where X means version 10, was a significant update because it sported the “Aqua” interface, which is the basis for all successive Mac OS X and macOS releases.

Aqua Interface

It is the graphical user interface (GUI) used in Mac OS X, starting from its initial release in 2001.

System Software

• The first version of Mac OS

• Was released on January 24, 1984, alongside the launch of the original Macintosh computer.

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

• Released in 2009

• This was the first version of Mac OS X that would support only Intel-based processors.

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

• Released in 2011

• It included Launchpad to easily browse installed applications.

• Support for iMessage, iWork, and iCloud, along with the Notification Center.

Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

• Was released in 2012

• The success of iOS on mobile devices continued to color Mac OS X with support for iMessage, iWork, and iCloud, along with Notification

  Center.

Mac OS X 10.9 Maverick

• Was released in 2013

• Include the Maps and iBooks application

Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite

• Was released in 2014

• It gave Mac OS X a facelift with a user interface based on iOS 7,

  giving window edges a more flat appearance.

Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan

• Was released in 2015

• Added feature called Split View: lets you work in two applications at the same time, with each application snapped to opposite sides of the screen.

macOS 10.12 Sierra and macOS 10.13 High Sierra

• Was released in 2016

• Saw the introduction of Siri, the voice-activated assistant.

MacOS 10.14 Mojave

• Was released in 2019

• Adds some user interface enhancements, including Dark Mode